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World War II |
Contents:
- Introduction
- Domestic Effects
- History
- International Effects
- Neutrality and “Isolationism”
- Origins
- Total War
- U.S. Entry
The standing bureaucratic machinery and precedents from World War I and the Great Depression prepared the U.S. government for a response on an unprecedented scale when World War II erupted. The geneses of the wars in Europe and Japan, and the eventual, if not inevitable, involvement of the United States, have been and will always be much debated by students of the conflict. Whatever the strength of the case that the United States could have avoided participation, what concerns us is how the U.S. government and American society changed in important ways as a result of the international calamity and how this has affected the world.
It is no exaggeration to say that the federal government’s control over the U.S. economy, and the personal life in general, was close to total. The line between private and public became fine enough to defy detection. The intervention in American life began even as President Franklin D. Roosevelt, like his predecessor Woodrow Wilson, campaigned for reelection on the promise that young American men wouldn’t be sent to war. Yet in September 1940 the first peacetime military draft began. This is more than a way of raising an army at relatively low cost. It is even more than a flagrant violation of personal liberty. It is also a basic disruption of the labor market, since force-wielding bureaucrats, rather than the price system (that is, consumer demand), determine who enters the military and forgoes other occupations. The government’s treatment of young men as its own discretionary property foreshadowed the nationalization of private property more broadly.
In the name of economic mobilization, the government eventually assumed comprehensive control over production and trade. Well before the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, the Roosevelt administration, on its own initiative, created the Office of Production Management, Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply, and Supply Priorities and Allocations Board. Herbert Hoover’s old Reconstruction Finance Corporation was beefed up not only to help corporations procure resources required for the production of defense equipment and supplies, but also to permit the government itself to become producer of war materiel. After Pearl Harbor, government’s expansion proceeded apace with the enactment of War Powers Acts, which permitted the executive branch to make any contracts it wished with industry and to assume control over the allocation of any resources deemed necessary for national defense. The authority of the Federal Reserve System to create money and finance government deficits was also expanded. Understanding that inflation of the money supply would raise prices, the administration successfully pushed for the power to control prices. Like conscription, price controls were means of hiding from the people the true cost of the war effort, although taxes were raised and for the first time, the income tax, including withholding, became a tax on the masses. The structure of the U.S. government changed fundamentally, as Congress effectively delegated its budget-appropriations power to the executive branch.
Within a few months of the war’s end, much of the government’s power to micromange the economy had been abandoned. But important components of the command economy—for example, business subsidies and rent control—remained, reassigned to other agencies. Importantly, with the war following the Great Depression, people came away with the erroneous belief that government could create full employment. It can do so only through conscription, which is hardly a method that creates prosperity, not to mention the violation of freedom. That belief facilitated the postwar enactment of the Employment Act, which formalized the government’s peacetime role as steward of the national economy. But even that understates the role that government assumed as a result of the war. In so many respects, the federal government did not demobilize when hostilities ceased. The parchment of the Constitution was intact, but the government now largely defined the words printed thereon.
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Roeder, Jr., George H. Censored War: American Visual Experience During World War Two. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995.
Ross Stewart Halsey, Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2002.
Rothfels, Hans. German Opposition to Hitler: An Appraisal. Chicago, Ill.: Henry Regnery Company, 1948. Authoritative account of German opposition to Hitler.
Shogan, Robert. Hard Bargain: How FDR Twisted Churchill’s Arm, Evaded the Law, and Changed the Role of the American Presidency. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999.
Schroeder, Paul. The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1972.
Schweitzer, Arthur. Big Business in the Third Reich. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1964. The German economy under National Socialism was actually a Keynesian, government-managed system.
Sibley, Mulford Q. et al. Conscription of Conscience. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1952. War objectors in the United States during World War II.
Simpson, Adam. A.J.P. Taylor: A Biography. London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994.
Smith, R. Harris. O.S.S. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. The fore-runner of the CIA both during WW II in Europe, and afterward in Indo-China. Shows how John Birch was killed aiding Mao Tse Tung, not fighting against.
Summers, Robert E. Wartime Censorship of Press and Radio. H. W. Wilson; 1942. This books presents the government’s case for the necessity during World War II for censorship of radio, movies, the press, and more, far beyond purely military and strategic matters into the very realms of “correct” political thought.
Sweeney, Michael S. Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II. Raleigh, N.C.: University of North Carolina, 2001.
Taylor, A.J.P. The Second World War: An Illustrated History. London: Putnam’s, 1975. One of the more scholarly illustrated books of World War II.
Thomsett, Michael C. The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938-1945. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 1997.
Togo, Shigenroi. The Cause of Japan. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956. The Japanese Foreign Minister at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack presents his case for Japan, claiming that Japan was forced into war for self-preservation. He reveals that the Japanese government sought peace by early spring of 1945 and that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was unnecessary.
Toland, John. Adolf Hitler, 2 Vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1982.
—. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. New York: Random House, 1970.
Tolstoy, Nikolai. Stalin’s Secret War. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.
Topitsch, Ernst. Stalin’s War: A Radical New Theory of the Origins of the Second World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.
Wedemeyer, Albert C. Wedemeyer Reports! New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1958.
Weissmann, Karlheinz. “The Epoch of National Socialism,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 12 No. 2.
Weizsacker, Ernst von. Memoirs. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1951. The German Secretary in the Foreign Office from 1938 to 1943 documents the events from the Anschluss with Austria in March, 1939, to the outbreak of war with Russia in June, 1941. Sympathetic with the growing opposition to Hitler after 1941.
Wrigley, Russell. The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
Wyman, David S. Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938-1941. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973. The shameful refusal to accept Jewish immigration to the U.S. during World War II.
Balabkins, Nicholas. Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament, 1945-1948. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964.
Bethel, Nicholas. The Last Secret: Forcible Repatriation to Russia, 1944-47. London: Andre Deutsch, 1974.
Borden, William. The Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japanese Trade Recovery, 1947-1955. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
Charmley, John. Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship, 1940-1957. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1995.
Cowen, Tyler. “The Marshall Plan: Myths and Realities,” in Doug Bandow, ed., U.S. Aid to the Developing World: A Free Market Agenda. Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1985
Divine, Robert A., ed. Causes and Consequences of World War II. New York: Quadrangle, 1969. Varying interpretations of the origins, conduct, and impact of U.S. involvement in World War II. Topics include Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech, Pearl Harbor, unconditional surrrender, Yalta, the atomic bomb, and origins of the Cold War.
Epstein, Julius. Operation Keelhaul: The Story of Forced Repatriation from 1944 to the Present. Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1973.
Gardner, Lloyd C. Economic Effects of New Deal Diplomacy. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964.
—. Spheres of Influence: The Great Powers Partition Europe, From Munich to Yalta. Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1993.
Glaser, Kurt. “World War II and the War Guilt Question,” Modern Age, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter 1971), pp. 57-69.
Hiles, Lt. Cmdr. Charles C. “Marshall and Vietnam,” Rampart Journal of Individualist Studies (Fall 1967).
Jaksh, Wenzel. Europe’s Road to Potsdam. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1963. Commentary of political affairs that led to half of Europe ending up under Stalin’s control.
Kimball, Warren F. Swords or Plowshares? The Morgenthau Plan for Defeated Nazi Germany, 1943-1946. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott, 1976. Scholarly account of the plan, its proponents and opponents, including U.S. and British documents relating to Allied visions for a post-war Germany.
Knapen, Marshall. And Call It Peace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. Critique of post-war Allied policy in Europe, revealing the gap between wartime propaganda and post-war reality.
Kolko, Gabriel. The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945. New York: Vintage Books, 1968.
Kubek, Anthony. How the Far East Was Lost: American Policy and the Creation of Communist China, 1941-1949. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1963. In-depth account of the communist takeover of China.
Lane, A. B. I Saw Poland Betrayed. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948. One of first post-war betrayels.
Lukacs, John. The Great Powers and Eastern Europe. New York: American Book Company, 1953.
—. Decline and Rise of Europe: A Study in Recent History, with Particular Emphasis on the Development of a European Consciousness. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1965.
Marks, Frederick W., III. Wind Over Sand: The Diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988.
Mee, Charles L. Meeting at Potsdam. New York: Dell Publishing, 1976.
Milward, Alan S. “Was the Marshall Plan Necessary?”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 13 (Spring 1989), pp. 231-153.
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Neumann, William L. After Victory: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin and the Making of the Peace. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
—. Making the Peace. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1948. The major wartime and postwar allied conferences and their disastrous effect on world peace.
—. “Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy Decisions, 1940-1945,” Modern Age (Summer 1975), pp. 272-284.
Sainsbury, Keith. The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Sherwin, Martin J. A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003.
Theoharis, Athan. “Roosevelt and Truman on Yalta: The Origins of the Cold War,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. LXXVII, No. 2 (June 1972), pp. 219-241.
Van der Vlugt, Ebed. Asia Aflame. New York: Devin-Adair; 1955. This book examines whether Roosevelt’s plan to destroy the military and naval power of Japan unchecked Communist penetration and domination of the Far East.
von Mises, Ludwig. The Political Economy of International Reform and Reconstruction, edited by Richard Ebeling. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000.
Watts, V.O. The United Nations: Planned Tyranny. New York: Devin-Adair; 1955.
West, Richard. Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1995.
Wheeler-Bennett, John. The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement After the Second World War. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1972.
Wittmeyer, Felix. The Yalta Betrayal. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1953.
Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de. Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans: Background, Executions, Consequences. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977.
—. A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the Eastern European Germans, 1944-1950. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
Zink, Harold. American Military Government in Germany. New York: Macmillan, 1947. American military government in occupied Germany.
Neutrality and “Isolationism”:
Bandow, Doug. “Review of the book Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century, by Eric Nordlinger,” The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 1 (Summer 1996), pp. 147-150.
Beale, C.A. The Devil Theory of War: An Inquiry into the Nature of History and the Possibility of Keeping Out of War. New York: Vanguard, 1936.
Beard, Charles A. Giddy Minds and Foreign Quarrels. New York: Macmillan, 1939.
—. A Foreign Policy for America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1940.
—. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1948.
Borchard, Edwin M., and W. P. Lage. Neutrality for the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940.
Butler, General Smedley. War Is a Racket. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Noontide Press, 1991.
Carleton, William G. “Isolationism and the Middle West,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. XXXIII (December 1946), pp. 377-390.
Chamberlin, William Henry. “War—Shortcut to Fascism,” American Mercury, Vol. LI, 204 (December 1940), pp. 391-400.
Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940-1941. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953.
—. Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Interventionism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974.
—. Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1934-45. Omaha, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
DeConde, Alexander. “The South and Isolationism,” Journal of Southern History, Vol. XXIV, No. 3 (August 1958), pp. 332-346.
Dennis, Lawrence. The Dynamics of War and Revolution. New York: Weekly Foreign Letter, 1940.
Doenecke, Justus D. Anti-Intervention: A Bibliographical Introduction to Isolationism and Pacifism from World War I to the Early Cold War. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987.
—. The Battle Against Intervention, 1939-1941. Melbourne, Florida: Krieger Publishing, 1997.
—. “Explaining the Antiwar Movement, 1939-1941: The Next Assignment,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 8 No. 1.
—. In Danger Undaunted: the Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940-41 as Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1990.
—. “The Debate Over Coercion: The Dilemma of America’s Pacifists and the Manchurian Crisis,” Peace and Change, Vol. II, No. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 47-52.
—. From Isolation to War, 1931-1941. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1991.
—. ”The Isolationists and a Usable Past: Review Essay,” Peace and Change, Vo. V, No. 1 (Spring 1978),, pp. 67-73.
—. “The Isolationists of the 1930s and 1940s: An Historiographical Essay,” West Georgia College Studies in the Socvial Sciences, Vo. XIII (June 1974), pp. 5-39.
—. The Literature of Isolationism: Non Interventionist Scholarship 1930-1972. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles Publisher, 1972.
—. The New Deal and Its Critics. Melbourne, Florida: Krieger Publishing, 2002.
—. Not to the Swift: the Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era. Lewisburg, Penn.: Bucknell University Press, 1979.
—. Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939-1941. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
Fleming, Thomas J. The New Dealers’ War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the War Within the War. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935-1941. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966.
—. “Pro-Axis Sentiment and American Isolationism,” The Historian, Vol. XXIX, No. 2 (February 1967), pp. 221-237.
Knight, Bruce. How to Run a War. New York: Arno Press, 1972.
Liggio, Leonard P. “Isolationism, Old and New – Part I,” Left and Right, II, 1 (Winter 1966), pp. 19-35.
MacDonald, Dwight. Memoirs of a Revolutionist. New York: Meridian Books, 1958.
Martin, James J. The Saga of Hog Island: And Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1977.
McElroy, Wendy. “War’s Other Casualty,” The Freeman, July 1999.
Neilson, Francis. My Life in Two Worlds. Appleton, Wisc.: C.C. Nelson, 1952.
Nordlinger, Eric. Isolationism Reconfigured. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Page, Kirby. Must We Go To War? A Book for Men with a Subtitle for Women: Must American Women Send Their Men to Fight in Europe or Asia? New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1937.
Pinckney, Orde S. “William E. Borah: Critic of American Foreign Policy,” Studies on the Left, Vo. I (1960), pp. 48-61.
Raico, Ralph. “On the Brink of World War II: Justus Doenecke’s Storm on the Horizon,” The Independent Review, Vol. VI, No. 4 (Spring 2002), pp. 607-613.
Regnery, Henry. Memoirs of a Dissident Publisher. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1979.The autobiography of the man responsible for publishing many of the major books on World War II revisionism, in contrast to the blackout-efforts of so much of the mainstream book trade.
Riddle, Wesley Allen. “Review of the book In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s by Michael S. Sherry,” The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 3 (Winter 1997), pp. 452-456.
Sargent, Porter. Getting Us Into War. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1941.
Stenehjem, Michele Flynn. An American First: John T. Flynn and the America First Committee. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1976.
Stinnett, Robert B. “Pearl Harbor: Official Lies in an American War Tragedy?”, Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, May 24, 2000. [Forum Anouncement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript, Order Tapes and Transcripts]
Stromberg, Joseph R. “Mere ‘Isolationism’: The Foreign Policy of the ‘Old Right’,” The Freeman, February 2000.
Viereck, George S. Men Into Beasts. New York: Fawcett, 1952. The second volume of Viereck’s autobiography in which he recalls his efforts to keep America out of war, and the Sedition Trial of 1944-45 attempting to smear him.
Barnes, Harry Elmer. “A. J. P. Taylor and the Causes of World War II,” New Individualist Review (Spring 1966), pp. 3-16.
—. Pearl Harbor After a Quarter of a Century. New York: Arno Press, 1972. [Online Book]
—, ed. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1966.
Beales, Howard E, ed. Charles A. Beard: An Appraisal. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1954.
Beard, Charles A. American Foreign Policy in the Making, 1932-1940: A Study in Responsibilities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946.
—. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948.
Beloff, Max. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1929-1941, 2 Volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949. The best history of Russian foreign policy in the decade prior to the German attack.
Bernstein, Barton J., ed. Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1968.
Breslin, Thomas. “Mystifying the Past: Establishment Historians and the Origins of the Pacific War,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 8, No. 4 (October-December 1976), pp. 18-36.
Carr, E.H. International Relations Between the Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1947. This book is a highly critical assessment of Versailles after World War I.
—. The Twenty Years Crisis. New York: Macmillan, 1951. This book provides a realistic assesment of international relations and the “morality of nations.”
Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York: Penguin, 1998. The horrible events in that eastern Chinese city under Japanese occupation in the late 1930s.
Charmley, John. Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship, 1940-1957. New York: Harvest Books, 1996.
Cowling, Maurice. The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. An in-depth study of whether “appeasement” did not go far enough by demanding complete enforcement of the Versailles settlement.
Current, Richard N. Secretary Stimson, a Study in Statecraft. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1954. The public life of Henry Simson whose doctrines played a major role in the U.S. entry into World War II, after his failiure in 1932 to do so in the Far East.
Davis, Joseph S. The World Between the Wars, 1919-39: An Economist’s View. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. Superb economic history of the interwar period, both in the U.S. and internationally.
Diggins, John P. Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Grattan, C.H. The Deadly Parallel. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1939. Prescient book that predicts that the interventionism of 1914-1917 would re-occur after 1937.
Griswold, A. Whitney. The Far Eastern Policy of the United States. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1938.
Hyde, H. Montgomery. Room 3603: The Incredible True Story of Secret Intelligence Operations During World War II. New York: Farrar and Straus, 1964. The incredible account of British covert operations in the U.S. before Pearl Harbor.
—. Hitler’s War, 2 Vols. New York: Avon Books, 1990.
Keynes, John M. “Foreword” to the 1936 German edition of his book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Keynes notes that “the theory of aggregated production, which is the point of the following book, nevertheless can be much easier adapted to the conditions of a totalitarian state than the theory of production and distribution of a given production put forth under conditions of free competition and a large degree of laissez-faire.” “Comment” by James J. Martin, from the book, Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1971.
Klein, B.J. Germany’s Economic Prepartion for War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969. Authoritative account that the German economy prior to World War II was not primarily devoted to armaments and war, while more of the economics of both Britain and France were devoted to such purposes.
Lewis, William R., ed. The Origins of the Second World War: A.J.P. Taylor and His Critics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972. Examination of Taylor’s analysis by critics and his response.
Liggio, Leonard P. and James J. Martin, eds.Watershed of Empire: Essays on New Deal Foreign Policy. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles, 1976.
Lukacs, John. The Last European War, September 1939-December 1941. New York: Doubleday, 1976. Powerful book on the signficance of World War II and the 20th century.
Lutz, Hermann. Lord Grey and the World War. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1928. Major book on British responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914.
Martin, James J. American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931-1941: Liberalism’s Press and Spokesmen on the Road Back to War Between Mukden and Pearl Harbor, 2 Vols. New York: Devin-Adair Publishers, 1963.
—. “Pearl Harbor: Antecedents, Background and Consequences,” from The Saga of Hog Island: And Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1977.
Marshall, Jonathan V. To Have and Have Not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1995.
Mills, C. Wright. Causes of World War II. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
Newman, Simon. March 1939: The British Guarantee to Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. The British refused to negotiate an independent settlement between Germany and Poland over the Danzig and Corridor questions, with Germany interested in an alliance with Britain.
Rogerson, Sidney. Propaganda in the Next War. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1938. A This incredibly prophetic book is by British intelligence officer who details how the United States could be brought into a war against Germany through the backdoor by successfully promoting a Japanese-American conflict.
Parrini, Carl P. Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1969.
Robertson, Esmonde M., ed. The Origins of the Second World War. New York: St. Martins, 1971. This book features chapters on and by A.J.P. Taylor and his critics.
Schroeder, Paul. The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958.
Snell, John L., ed. The Outbreak of the Second World War: Design or Blunder? Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1962. Features various interpretations of the origins of the war, including A.J.P. Taylor, Charles Tansill, H.R. Trevor-Roper, etc.
Suvorov, Viktor. Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War. New York: Viking, 1990.
Taylor, A.J.P. The Origins of the Second World War. New York: Fawcett World Library, 1965. The best book on the causes of World War II.
Tolly, Kemp. Cruise of the Lanikai: To Provoke the Pacific War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002.
Utley, Jonathan. Going to War With Japan, 1937-1941. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1985.
Alperovich, Gar. Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam: The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation With Soviet Power. London: Pluto Press, 1994.
—. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
Bethell, Nicholas. The Last Secret: The Delivery to Stalin of over Two Million Russians by Britain and the United States. New York: Basic Books, 1974.
Bernstein, Barton J. “Hiroshima Reconsidered—Thirty Years Later,” Foreign Service Journal (August 1975), pp. 8-34.
—. “A Postwar Myth: 500,000 U.S. Lives Saved,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 42, No. 6 (June/July 1986), pp. 38-40.
—. “Seizing the Contested Terrain of Early Nuclear History: Stimson, Conent, and Their Allies Explain the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 35-72.
—. “Understanding the Atomic Bomb and the Japanese Surrender: Missed Opportunities, Little-Known Near Disasters, and the Modern Memory,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Spring 1995).
—. “Wrong Numbers,” The Independent Monthly (July 1995), pp. 41-44.
Bird, Kai and Lawrence Lifschultz, eds. Hiroshima’s Shadow. Stony Creek, Conn.: Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998.
Bosworth, Allan R. America’s Concentration Camps. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1967.
Boyer, Paul. “Exotic Resonances: Hiroshima in American Memory,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Spring 1995).
Cadin, Martin. The Night Hamburg Died. New York: Ballantine Books, 1960. The bombing and burning of Hamburg by the Allies during World War II.
Coady, C.A.J. “Deterrent Intentions Revisited,” Ethics, 99, 1 (October 1988), pp. 98-108.
Colby, Elbridge. “Aerial Law and War Targets,” American Journal of International Law, 19, 4 (October 1925), pp. 702-715.
Dobson, Miller. The Cruelest Night. New York: Litle, Brown and Company, 1979. One of the greatest maritime atrocity in history, the Soviets deliberately torpedoed three German refugee ships in the Baltic, killing 18,000, almost all civilians.
Dower, John W., “The Bombed: Hiroshimas and Nagasakis in Japanese Memory,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Spring 1995).
Drinnon, Richard. Keeper of Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Myer and American Racism. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1989.
Edoin, Hoito. The Night Tokyo Burned: The Incendiary Campaign Against Japan, March–August, 1945. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.
Elliott, Mark R. Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America’s Role in Their Repatriation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
Fernández, José A. “Erasmus on the Just War,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 34, No. 2 (April-June 1973, pp. 209-226.
Fisher, Louis. Presidential War Power. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
Fletcher, Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II. No High Ground. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Grenfell, Capt. Russell. Unconditional Hatred: German War Guilt and the Future of Europe. New York: Devin Adair, 1958.
Grondzins, Morton. Americans Betrayed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. Early indictment of placing Japanese-Americans in U.S. concentration camps.
Hankey, Lord Maurice. Politics: Trials and Errors. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1950. The English statesman critiqiues the war-crimes episode after World War II.
Harris, Sir Arthur. Bomber Offensive. London: Collins, 1947. The head of the British Air Force confirms the specific initiative to bomb civilians and reveals that Germany lost the Battle of Britain because German bombers were not designed nor armed for strategic bombing.
Hart, B.H.L. The Revolution in Warfare. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1980. Strategic bombing as a barbarous military innovation.
Hastings, Max. Bomber Command: The Myths and Reality of the Strategy Bomberg Offensive 1939-45 . New York: Delacorte Press, 1979. The strategic bombing campaign by the British against Gernany, including the terror bombing of civilians.
Hayek, F. A. Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. by Bruce Caldwell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Hogan, Michael J., ed. Hiroshima in History and Memory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Huxley-Blythe, Peter J. The East Came West. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Prinetrs, 1964. The horrors of the Allies’ forced repatriation of more than one million Russians and Slavs to certain death and slavery under Stalin.
Hyde, Montgomery. The Destruction of Dresden. London: William Kimber & Company, 1963.
Irving, David. The Destruction of Dresden. New York: Ballantine Books, 1965. A thorough account of the major Allied bombing atrocity in Europe, destroying a city with no military significance.
Kaps, Johannes, ed. The Martyrdom of Silesian Priests, 1945-46. Munich: Christ Unterweg, 1951.
—. The Martyrdom and Heroism of the Women of East Germany, 1945-46. Munich: Christ Unterweg, 1955.
—. The Tragedy of Silesia, 1945-46. Munich: Christ Unterweg, 1952-53. The above three books document the atrocities committed in Eastern Germany by the Red Army, including eyewitness accounts and documents of expulsions, mass murders, rapes, mutilations, lootings, and torture.
Krasnov, Jr., N.N. The Hidden Russia. New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston, 1960. The repatriation of Russian POWs to the Soviets as told by one of the victims.
Martin, James J. “The Bombing and Negotiated Peace Questions—in 1944,” from Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1971.
—. “The Framing of Tokyo Rose,” Reason (February 1978), pp. 7-15.
—. Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1971.
Minear, Richard. Victors’ Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princetron, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971. A critical book on the Far East intemational trial by the victors of 28 top Japanese leaders (including Tojo Hidecki) for war crimes.
Murphy, Robert D. Diplomat Among Warriors. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1976. In-depth book recounting of how German POWs were tortured by U.S. troops.
Nagel, Thomas. “War and Massacre,” Philosophy and Public Affairs Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 1972), pp. 123-144.
Neumann, William L. “Hiroshima Reconsidered,” Left and Right, Vol. II, No. 2 (Spring 1966), pp. 33-38.
Orwell, George. “You and the Atomic Bomb,” Tribune, October 19, 1945.
Palter, Robert M. “The Ethics of Extermination,” Ethics, Vol. 74, No. 3 (April 1964), pp. 208-218.
Rooney, Andy and Hutton, Bud. Conqueror’s Peace. New York: Doubleday; 1947. Two then Stars and Stripes reporters reveal how after battling against and destroying the Nazi concentration camps, the Allies almost turned Germany into one vast concentration camp.
Ross, Stewart Halsey. Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2002.
Rumpf, Hans. The Bombing of Germany. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston; 1963. Authoritative book of the Allied bombing atrocities in World War II, which the British began in 1940.
Sherwin, Martin J. A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race. New York: Vintage Books, 1987.
Spaight, J.M. Bombing Vindicated. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1944.
Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
Szaz, Z. Michael. Germany's Eastern Frontier. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1961. The expulsion of Germans from their historic homelands after World War II, with four million lost through starvation, disease, exposure, and massacre.
Ten Broek, Jacobus, Edward Barnhart, and Floyd Matson. Prejudice, War and the Constitution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. The forced evacuation and incarceration of Japanese-Americans following Pearl Harbor.
Toland, John. The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe. New York: Random House, 1965.
Tolstoy, Nikolai. The Minister and the Masacres. Century Hutchison, 1986. The role of Harold Macmillan in repatriating millions of people to Russia and their resulting imprisonment and execution.
—. The Secret Betrayed. New York: Charles Scribner, 1978. A descendant of the famous novelist reveals of the forced repatriation of Russian POWs and their families.
Utley, Freda. The High Cost of Vengeance. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1949. Excellent book on the cruelties and disasters resulting from the Stalin-White-Morgenthau Plan for Germany after 1945.
Veale, F.J.P. Advance to Barbarism: The Development of Total Warfare from Sarajevo to Hiroshima. Appleton, Wisc.: C.C. Nelson Publishing, 1953. Traces the barbarization of society in conducting total warfare, including strategic bombing of civilians during World War II.
—. Crimes Discreetly Veiled. New York: Devin-Adair, 1959. Allied war crimes, including the Russian murder of thousands of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest.
von Knieriem, August. The Nuremberg Trials. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1959. Detailed critical examination of trials by the U.S., including problems with procedure, jurisdiction, punishability, substantive law, etc.
von Mises, Ludwig. Omipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.
Wainstock, Dennis D. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996.
Walker, Samuel. “History, Collective Memory, and the Decision to Use the Bomb,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Spring 1995).
Weglyn, Michi. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow, 1978. Later a famous clothes designer, the author was one of the 120,000 Japanese-Americans rounded up in 1941 and interned without trial in a U.S. concentration camp.
Zawodny, J.K. Death in the Forest: The Story of the Katyn Forest Massacre. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1962. The definitive account of the murder of fifteen thousand Polish POWs by the Russians in the Katyn Forest.
Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de. Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans. London: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1979. Detailed description of the expulsion of millions of ethnic Germans from their homelands in eastern Europe.
Bartlett, Bruce R. Cover-Up: The Politics of Pearl Harbor, 1941-1946. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1978.
—. “The Pearl Harbor Coverup,” Reason (February 1976), pp. 24-27.
Barnes, Harry Elmer. “Pearl Harbor After Half a Century,” Left and Right, IV (1968), pp. 9-132.
—. Was Roosevelt Pushed Into War by Popular Demand in 1941? Privately printed, 1951. Paper presented at the 1950 convention of the American Historical Association, in which he refutes Dexter Perkins who claimed that Rosevelt merely “followed the lead” of American puiblic opinion in moving toward war.
Beach, Edward L., Jr. Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
Beale, C.A. American Foreign Policy in the Making: 1932-1940. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1946.
—. President Roosvelt and the Coming of the War, 1941. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1948. Doubleday, 1982.
Beard, Charles A. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1948.
Breslin, Thomas. “Mystifying the Past: Establishment Historians and the Origins of the Pacific War,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1976), pp. 18-36.
Chamberlin, William Henry. America's Second Crusade. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1950.
—. “How Franklin Roosevelt Lied America Into War,” from Harry Elmer Barnes, ed., Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1966.
Cirignano, Douglas. “Do Freedom of Information Act Files Prove FDR Had Foreknowledge of Pearl Harbor? An Interview with Robert B. Stinnett,” The Independent Institute, March 11, 2002.
Cobane, Craig T. “Book Review of For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush by Christopher Andrew,” The Independent Review, Winter 1997, Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 456-459.
Costello, John. Days of Infamy: Macarthur, Roosevelt, Churchill--The Shocking Truth Revealed. New York: Pocket Books, 1995.
Crocker, George N. Roosevelt’s Road to Russia. Chicago, Ill.: Henry Regnery, 1959.
Doenecke, Justus D. “The Debate Over Coercion: The Dilemma of America’s Pacifists and the Manchurian Crisis,” Peace and Change, Vol. II, No. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 47-52.
—. “Review of the book Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-1944 by Thomas E. Mahl,” The Independent Review, Vol IV, No. 1 (Summer 1999), pp. 133-137.
—. “Review of the book Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign Against American "Neutrality" in World War II by Nicholas John Cull,” The Independent Review, Vol I, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 297-300.
Farr, Finis. FDR. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1972. A scathingly critical biography of Roosevelt and his 2-year drive for World War II and the establishment of the king-President.
Fehrenbach, T.R. FDR’s Undeclared War. David McKay Company, 1967. A watershed by a major admirer of FDR lays it all out: Roosevelt’s attempt to provoke an “incident” in the Atlantic, his determination to get the U.S. into the war, and his recognation of the “backdoor” to war through the Pacific.
Fish, Hamilton. FDR, The Other Side of the Coin: How We Were Tricked into World War II. New York: Vantage, 1976. Memoir by the venerable, non-interventionist, Republican Congressman runs through the entire litany of FDR tactics in getting the U.S. into war.
Greaves, Percy L., Jr. “FDR’s Watergate: Pearl Harbor,” Reason, February 1976, pp. 16-23.
Hoehling, A.A. The Week Before Pearl Harbor. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963. The failure to warn the Hawaiian commanders of an imminent Japanese attack, who were then scapegoated, while the U.S. Army and General Marshall were whitewashed.
Kimmel, Husband Edward. Admiral Kimmel's Story. Chicago, Ill.: Henry Regnery, 1955. [Online Book]
Lavine, Harold and Wechsler, James. War Propaganda and the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1940. The propaganda campaign that pushed for U.S. entry into World War II.
Mahl, Thomas E. Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-1944. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1998.
Martin, James J. Beyond Pearl Harbor: Essays on Some Historical Consequences of the Crisis in the Pacific in 1941. Ontario: Plowshare Press, 1981.
—. The Pro-Red Orchestra In the USA, 1941. Colorado Springs: Unpublished Manuscript.
Mintz, Franklin P. Revisionism and the Origins of Pearl Harbor. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985.
Morgenstern, George. Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War. New York: Devin Adair, 1947. The first major book on Rosevelt’s efforts to maneuver the U.S. into war via Pearl Harbor.
Neumann, William L. The Genesis of Pearl Harbor. Philadelphia, Penn.: Pacifist Research Bureau, 1945. Japanese-American relations preceding Pearl Harbor, including Roosevelt’s provocations to get the Japanese to attack the U.S.
Pearl Harbor Archive. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institiute. Articles, books, documents, and other materials on the Pearl Harbor attack, December 7, 1941.
Radosh, Ronald. “America’s Entry into World War II,” Left and Right, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring-Autumn 1967).
—. “Democracy and the Formation of Foreign Policy: The Case of FDR and America’s Entrance into World War II,” Left and Right, III, 3 (Autumn 1967), pp. 31-38.
Raico, Ralph. “On the Brink of World War II: Justus Doenecke’s Storm on the Horizon,” The Independent Review, Vol. VI, No. 4 (Spring 2002), pp. 607-613.
Richardson, Admiral James O. On the Treadmill to Pearl Harbor. Washington, D.C.: Historcal Division, U.S. Department of the Navy, 1973.
Rusbridger, James, and Eric Nave. Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured Roosevelt into World War II. New York: Summit Books, 1991.
Russett, Bruce M. No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States' Entry into World War II. New York: HarperCollins, 1972.
Sanborn, Frederic R. Design for War: A Study of Secret Power Politics, 1937-1941. Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1951. The U.S. entry into the second world war including Roosevelt’s political aims for doing so.
Schroeder, Paul W. The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations 1941. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1972. American policy toward Japan from July to December 1941 was a grave mistake, making inevitable a war that was unnecessary and avoidable.
Sniegoski, Stephen J. “The Case for Pearl Harbor Revisionism,” The Occidental Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2 (October 2001).
Stinnett, Robert B. Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor. New York: Free Press, 2000.
—. “December 7, 1941: A Setup from the Beginning,” Honolulu Advertiser, December 7, 2000.
—. “The Pearl Harbor Deception,” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, December 2, 2002.
—. “Pearl Harbor: Official Lies in an American War Tragedy?”, Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, May 24, 2000. [Forum Anouncement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript, Order Tapes and Transcripts]
Tansill, Charles C. Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy, 1933-1941. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952. Scholarly book on how Roosevelt sought war against Japan after unsuccessfully trying to intervene in Eurrope.
Theobald, Rear Admiral Robert A. The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor. New York: Devin-Adair, 1954. Washington authorities had ample fore-warning of the Japanese attack but deliberately failed to warn the Hawaiian commanders.
Thompson, Robert Smith. A Time for War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Path to Pearl Harbor. New York: Prentice Hall, 1991.
Toland, John. Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath. Garden City, NY: Berkley Publishing Group, 1991.
Trefousse, H.L. Germany and American Neutrality, 1939-1941. New York: Bookman Associates, 1951. Although pro-Roosevelt, this book summarizes Roosevelt's efforts to provoke Germany to war on the United States because of the U.S.’s unneutral acts, especially regarding convoying.
Walker, Jesse. “Review of the book Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II by Gerd Horten,” The Independent Review, Vol VIII, No. 1 (Summer 2003), pp. 132-135.
Waller, George M., ed. Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, revised edition. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1965. Book featuring revisionists Beard, Tansill, Theobald, Chamberlin and Kimmel with court historians Feis, Rauch, Morison, and Wohlstetter.
Wiltz, John E. From Isolation to War, 1931-41. Arlington Heights, IL: AHM Pubklishers, 1968.