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U.S. Foreign Policy

Quotes on Power

About the book Crisis and Leviathan

Contents:

• Introduction
• Alternatives to the Cold War
• Cold War in Asia
• Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Domestic Effects of the Cold War
• Economics of the Cold War
• History of the Cold War
• Korean War
• Nuclear Weapons
• Origins of the Cold War
• Third World
• Vietnam War

Introduction:

To indicate that the great powers did not fully demobilize after World War II ended, the term “Cold War” was coined, indicating a state of hostility between the United States and Soviet Union that included most everything but the shooting. Part of explanation for this extraordinary state of affairs is that U.S. entry into World War II and the policies pursued during and after the conflict eliminated the historical checks on the expansion of Russia and, later, China, namely, Germany and Japan. U.S. policymakers thus saw a “need” to provide those checks themselves. That necessity created the rationale for significant growth in the power of the federal government with its attendant violations of civil liberty and property.

On the fiscal side, Americans were subjected to high taxation to support a huge army stationed in Europe, Japan, and other locations; large volumes of armaments, including intercontinental ballistic missiles with atomic warheads, aircraft, and ships; foreign aid; and allegedly defense-related domestic items, such as the building of the interstate highway system and federal aid to education. The fiscal implications are only part of the story. The sheer volume of Cold War materiel required by the government distorted much of the domestic economy, diverting entrepreneurship and technological expertise to politically determined, special-interest purposes. Seymour Melman captured this point with the title of his book, Pentagon Capitalism. The financial stake in war preparation that grew out of this situation is what former President Dwight Eisenhower had in mind when he warned against “the military-industrial complex.” The losers were American consumers.

Regarding civil liberties, the end of hot war did not bring the permanent end to conscription. The Selective Service Act was passed in 1948 to continue peacetime conscription. The nerve-wracking Cold War atmosphere, fueled by the mutual espionage of the United States and Soviet Union, produced a suspicion of dissent. The House Un-American Activities Committee came to prominence, building on the attempts to control dissent in the world wars.

The combination of the precedents from World War II and the fear of a new war encouraged Americans to believe that the government should play an unprecedented role in all aspects of life. Contrary to the traditional American ideology, aggressive government was accepted as the alleged, indispensable protector of security and the steward of the economy. Thus it would need broad access to resources, that is, the private property of the public, and policymakers took full advantage of this situation.

Of course the Cold War also heated up on occasion, notably in Korea and Vietnam, and the U.S. established an unprecedented global empire of military and other government installations during and after the Cold War in order to pursue state interests. Considering the imperial reach of the U.S. government, “threats” in far-flung places were always at hand, and the clandestine operations by the CIA and other agencies to assassinate, support ruthless and tyrannical leaders, conduct covert wars, destabilize countries, and otherwise proceeded unchecked. During this period, Americans lived under a virtual permanent state of emergency as weapons of mass destruction were poised to obliterate human life and civilization. The beneficiaries were the career policymakers and their intellectual and material suppliers in the “private sector.”

Also, click here for Bibliography for Crisis and Leviathan.

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Korean War:

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Third World:

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Vietnam War:

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