On Power: The Independent Institute | About the book, Crisis and Leviathan, by Robert Higgs

CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government
by Robert Higgs
Foreword by Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr.

The following references indicate some of the more important works consulted by the author in the preparation of this book. They can serve as a guide for those who want to pursue in greater depth the various topics considered here. The list does not contain all the sources cited in the Notes section; in particular, statutes, standard statistical compilations, and textbooks (except a few especially useful and pertinent ones) are not listed. Anyone wishing to confirm the evidence of the text will find full publication details in the Notes section. Although the following sources are listed under headings intended to suggest their major pertinence, many apply to more than one category. In only a few instances has a work been listed more than once.

Economics, Politics, and Government:

Alt, James E. “The Evolution of Tax Structures.” Public Choice 41 (1983).

Alt, James E., and K. Alec Chrystal. Political Economics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

Auster, Richard D., and Morris Silver. The State as a Firm: Economic Factors in Political Development. Boston: Nijhoff, 1979.

Barry, Brian. Sociologists, Economists and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Becker, Gary. “A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 98 (Aug. 1983).

Bowles, Samuel. “State Structures and Political Practices: A Reconsideration of the Liberal Democratic Conception of Politics and Accountability.” In Capitalism and Democracy: Schumpeter Revisited, ed. Richard D. Coe and Charles K. Wilber. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985.

Break, George F. “The Role of Government: Taxes, Transfers, and Spending.” In The American Economy in Transition, ed. Martin Feldstein. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Browning, Edgar K., and Jacquelene M. Browning. Public Finance and the Price System. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1983

Buchanan, James M. The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.

Drew, Elizabeth. Politics and Money: The New Road to Corruption. New York: Macmillan, 1983.

Dye, Thomas. Understanding Public Policy. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975.

Frey, Bruno S. Modern Political Economy. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1978.

Friedman, Milton, and Rose Friedman. Tyranny of the Status Quo. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.

Galbraith, John Kenneth. American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956.

—. The Anatomy of Power. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.

Greer, Douglas F. Business, Government, and Society. New York: Macmillan, 1983.

Hansen, John Mark. “The Political Economy of Group Membership.” American Political Science Review 79 (March 1985).

Hardin, Russell. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.

Hayek, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944.

—.The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Hechter, Michael. “A Theory of Group Solidarity.” In The Micro-foundations of Macrosociology, ed. Michael Hechter. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.

Heertje, Arnold, ed. Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy after 40 Years. New York: Praeger, 1981.

Herman, Edward S. Corporate Control, Corporate Power. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Higgs, Robert. “Inflation and the Destruction of the Free Market Economy.” Intercollegiate Review 14 (Spring 1979).

—. “To Deal with a Crisis: Governmental Program or Free Market?” Freeman 36 (Sept. 1986).

Hirschman, Albert O. Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

—. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982.

—. “Against Parsimony: Three Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse.” American Economic Review 74 (May 1984).

Hoover, Calvin B. The Economy, Liberty, and the State. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1959.

Keeler, Theodore E. “Theories of Regulation and the Deregulation Movement.” Public Choice 44 (1984).

Knight, Frank H. Freedom and Reform: Essays in Economics and Social Philosophy. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1982.

LeLoup, Lance T. Budgetary Politics. Brunswick, Ohio: King's Court Communications, 1980.

McKenzie, Richard B. Bound To Be Free. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1982.

Margolis, Howard. Selfishness, Altruism, and Rationality: A Theory of Social Choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

McCraw, Thomas K. “Regulation in America: A Review Article,” Business History Review 49 (Summer 1975).

Mitchell, Robert Cameron. “National Environmental Lobbies and the Apparent Illogic of Collective Action.” In Collective Decision Making: Applications from Public Choice Theory, ed. Clifford S. Russell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.

Nisbet, Robert. Twilight of Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Nordlinger, Eric. On the Autonomy of the Democratic State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Nutter, G. Warren. Political Economy and Freedom: A Collection of Essays. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983.

Oates, Wallace E. “Searching for Leviathan: An Empirical Study.” American Economic Review 75 (Sept. 1985).

Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965.

—. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982.

Opp, Karl-Dieter. “Economics, Sociology, and Political Protest.” In Theoretical Models and Empirical Analyses: Contributions to the Explanation of Individual Actions and Collective Phenomena. ed. Werner Raub. Utrecht: E.S.-Publications, 1982.

Pasour, E. C., Jr. “The Free Rider as a Basis for Government Intervention.” Journal of Libertarian Studies 5 (Fall 1981).

Peltzman, Sam. “Constituent Interest and Congressional Voting.” Journal of Law and Economics 27 (April 1984).

—. “An Economic Interpretation of the History of Congressional Voting in the Twentieth Century.” American Economic Review 75 (Sept. 1985).

Reid, Joseph D., Jr. “Understanding Political Events in the New Economic History.” Journal of Economic History 37 (June 1977).

Reiter, Stanley, and Jonathan Hughes. “A Preface on Modeling the Regulated United States Economy.” Hofstra Law Review 9 (Summer 1981).

Roberts, Russell D. “A Taxonomy of Public Provision.” Public Choice 47 (1985).

Rourke, Francis E. Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown, 1976.

Samuels, Warren J. “A Critique of Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.” In Capitalism and Democracy: Schumpeter Revisited, ed. Richard D. Coe and Charles K. Wilber. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985.

Samuels, Warren J., and Nicholas Mercuro. “A Critique of Rent-Seeking Theory.” In Neoclassical Political Economy, ed. David C. Colander. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1984.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1950.

Sen, Amartya K. “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 6 (Summer 1977).

Siegel, Barry N., ed. Money in Crisis: The Federal Reserve, the Economy, and Monetary Reform. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1984.

Sowell, Thomas. Knowledge and Decisions. New York: Basic Books, 1980.

Stigler, George J. The Citizen and the State: Essays on Regulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.

Thaler, Richard H. “Illusions and Mirages in Public Policy.” Public Interest (Fall 1983).

Tufte, Edward. Political Control of the Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Twight, Charlotte. “Government Manipulation of Constitutional-Level Transaction Costs: An Economic Theory and Its Application to Off-Budget Expenditure through the Federal Financing Bank.” Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1983.

Wallace, Donald H. Economic Controls and Defense. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1953.

Weidenbaum, Murray L. Business, Government, and the Public. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

Weingast, Barry R. “The Congressional-Bureaucratic System: A Principal Agent Perspective (with applications to the SEC).” Public Choice 44 (1984).

Wilson, Graham K. Interest Groups in the United States. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

Witte, John F. The Politics and Development of the Federal Income Tax (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).

Yeager, Leland B. “Is There a Bias Toward Overregulation.” In Rights and Regulation: Ethical, Political, and Economic Issues, ed. Tibor R. Machan and M. Bruce Johnson. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1983.

Growth of Government:

Bennett, James T., and Manuel H. Johnson. The Political Economy of Federal Government Growth, 1959-1978. College Station, Tex.: Center for Education and Research in Free Enterprise, 1980.

Borcherding, Thomas E. “The Sources of Growth of Public Expenditures in the United States, 1902-1970.” In Budgets and Bureaucrats: The Sources of Government Growth, ed. Thomas E. Borcherding. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1977.

Break, George F. “Issues in Measuring the Level of Government Activity.” American Economic Review 72 (May 1982).

Brown, Lawrence D. New Policies, New Politics: Government's Response to Government's Growth. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1983.

Crain, W. Mark, Robert D. Tollison, Brian Goff, and Dick Carlson. "Legislator Specialization and the Size of Government. Public Choice 46 (1985).

Fabricant, Solomon. The Trend of Government Activity in the United States Since 1900. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1952.

Herber, Bernard P., and Paul U. Pawlik. “Measuring Government's Role in the Mixed Economy: A New Approach.” National Tax Journal 36 (March 1983).

Hughes, Jonathan R. T. The Governmental Habit: Economic Controls from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1977.

Lowery, David, and William D. Berry. “The Growth of Government in the United States: An Empirical Assessment of Competing Explanations.” American Journal of Political Science 27 (Nov. 1983)

Meltzer, Allan H., and Scott F. Richard. “Why Government Grows (and Grows) in a Democracy.” Public Interest (Summer 1978).

—. “A Rational theory of the Size of Government.” Journal of Political Economy 89 (Oct. 1981)

—. “Tests of a Rational Theory of the Size of Government.” Public Choice 41 (1983).

Niskanen, William A. “The Growth of Government.” Cato Policy Report 7 (July/Aug. 1985).

Pathirane, Leila, and Derek W. Blades. "Defining and Measuring the Public Sector: Some International Comparisons." Review of Income and Wealth 28 (Sept. 1982).

Peacock, Alan T., and Jack Wiseman. The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.

Peltzman, Sam. “The Growth of Government.” Journal of Law and Economics 23 (Oct. 1980).

Peters, B. Guy, and Martin O. Heisler. “Thinking About Public Sector Growth: Conceptual, Theoretical, and Policy Considerations.” In Why Governments Grow: Measuring Public Sector Size, ed. Charles Lewis Taylor. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1983.

Porter, Bruce D. “Parkinson's Law Revisited: War and the Growth of American Government.” Public Interest (Summer 1980).

Rasler, Karen A., and William R. Thompson. “War Making and State Making: Governmental Expenditures, Tax Revenues, and Global Wars.” American Political Science Review 79 (June 1985).

Rose, Richard. “Are Laws a Cause, a Constraint, or Irrelevant to the Growth of Government?” Studies in Public Policy Number 124. Glasgow: Center for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, 1984.

Ideology, Identity, and Rhetoric:

Babad, Elisha, Max Birnbaum, and Kenneth D. Benne. The Social Self: Group Influences on Personal Identity. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1983.

Bell, David V. J. Power, Influence, and Authority: An Essay in Political Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Bennett, W. Lance. Public Opinion in American Politics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980.

Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1967.

Edelman, Murray. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964.

—. Political Language: Words That Succeed and Policies That Fail. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

Elster, Jon. Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Geertz, Clifford. “Ideology as a Cultural System.” In Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter. New York: Free Press, 1964.

Gouldner, Alvin W. The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology: The Origins, Grammar, and Future of Ideology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Higgs, Robert. “Identity and Cooperation: A Comment on Sen’s Alternative Program.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 3 (Spring 1987).

Kalt, Joseph P., and M. A. Zupan. “Capture and Ideology in the Economic Theory of Politics.” American Economic Review 74 (June 1984).

Kau, James B., and Paul H. Rubin. Congressmen, Constituents, and Contributors: Determinants of Roll Call Voting in the House of Representatives. Boston: Nijhoff, 1982.

Maddox, William S., and Stuart A. Lilie. Beyond Liberal and Conservative: Reassessing the Political Spectrum. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1984.

McClosky, Herbert, and John Zaller. The American Ethos: Public Attitudes toward Capitalism and Democracy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Poole, Keith T., and R. Steven Daniels. “Ideology, Party, and Voting in the U.S. Congress, 1959-1980.” American Political Science Review 79 (June 1985).

Sartori, Giovanni. “Politics, Ideology, and Belief Systems.” American Political Science Review 63 (June 1969).

Schambra, William A. “Progressive Liberalism and American ‘Community.’” Public Interest (Summer 1985).

Seliger, Martin. Ideology and Politics (New York: Free Press, 1976).

—. The Marxist Conception of Ideology: A Critical Essay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Sen, Amartya. “Goals, Commitments, and Identity.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 1 (Fall 1985).

The Late Nineteenth Century:

Bryce, James. The American Commonwealth. 3rd ed. London: Macmillan, 1895.

Chandler, Alfred D. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977.

Higgs, Robert. The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865-1914: An Essay in Interpretation. New York: Wiley, 1971.

Hoffman, Charles. The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1970.

Keller, Morton. Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977.

Kolko, Gabriel. Railroads and Regulation, 1877-1916. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965.

Kraditor, Aileen S. The Radical Persuasion, 1890-1917: Aspects of the Intellectual History and the Historiography of Three American Radical Organizations. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.

Letwin, William. Law and Economic Policy in America: The Evolution of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

MacAvoy, Paul W. The Economic Effects of Regulation: The Trunk-Line Railroad Cartels and the Interstate Commerce Commission. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.

McGuire, Robert A. “Economic Causes of Late Nineteenth-Century Agrarian Unrest.” Journal of Economic History 41 (Dec. 1981).

Meeker, Edward. “The Social Rate of Return on Investment in Public Heath, 1880-1910.” Journal of Economic History 34 (June 1974).

Miller, George H. Railroads and the Granger Laws. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.

Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1932.

Resneck, Samuel. “Unemployment, Unrest, and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893-97.” Journal of Political Economy 61 (Aug. 1953).

Skowronek, Stephen. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Tipple, John. The Capitalist Revolution: A History of American Social Thought, 1890-1919. New York: Pegasus, 1970.

Tunnell, George. “The Legislative History of the Second Income-Tax Law.” Journal of Political Economy 3 (June 1895).

Turner, James. “Understanding the Populists.” Journal of American History 67 (Sept. 1980).

Waltman, Jerold. “Origins of the Federal Income Tax.” Mid-America 62 (Oct. 1980).

White, Gerald T. The United States and the Problem of Recovery after 1893. University: University of Alabama Press, 1982.

Wiebe, Robert H. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. New York: Hill & Wang, 1967.

Williams, Jeffrey C. “Economics and Politics: Voting Behavior in Kansas during the Populist Decade.” Explorations in Economic History 18 (July 1981).

Williams, R. Hal. Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890's. New York: Wiley, 1978.

The Progressive Era:

Adams, Graham, Jr. Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-15: The Activities and Findings of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966.

Baack, Ben[nett D.], and Edward John Ray. “The Political Economy of the Origin and Development of the Federal Income Tax.” In Emergence of the Modern Political Economy, ed. Robert Higgs. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1985.

—. “Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States.” Journal of Economic History 45 (Sept. 1985).

Ekirch, Arthur A., Jr. Progressivism in America. New York: New Viewpoints, 1974.

Forcey, Charles. The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 1900-1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Gilbert, James. Designing the Industrial State: The Intellectual Pursuit of Collectivism in America, 1880-1940. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972.

Kennedy, David M., ed. Progressivism: The Critical Issues. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.

Kerr, K. Austin. American Railroad Politics, 1914-1920: Rates, Wages, and Efficiency. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968.

Kolko, Gabriel. The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967.

Link, Arthur S., and Richard L. McCormick. Progressivism. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harland Davidson, 1983.

Martin, Albro. Enterprise Denied: Origins of the Decline of American Railroads, 1897-1917. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.

McCraw, Thomas K. “Rethinking the Trust Question.” In Regulation in Perspective: Historical Essays, ed. Thomas K. McCraw. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Rodgers, Daniel T. “In Search of Progressivism.” Reviews in American History (Dec. 1982).

Skowronek, Stephen. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Steffens, Lincoln. The Shame of the Cities. New York: Hill & Wang, 1967; originally published 1904.

Tariello, Frank, Jr. The Reconstruction of American Political Ideology, 1865-1917. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1982.

Tipple, John. The Capitalist Revolution: A History of American Social Thought, 1890-1919. New York: Pegasus, 1970.

Waltman, Jerold. “Origins of the Federal Income Tax.” Mid-America 62 (Oct. 1980).

Weibe, Robert H. Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968.

—. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. New York: Hill & Wang, 1967.

Wilson, Woodrow. The New Freedom. 3rd ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Page, 1921.

World War I:

Baker, Charles Whiting. Government Control and Operation of Industry in Great Britain and the United States during the World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1921.

Beaver, Daniel R. “The Problem of American Military Supply, 1890-1920.” In War, Business, and American Society: Historical Perspectives on the Military-Industrial Complex, ed. Benjamin Franklin Cooling. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1977.

Clark, J[ohn] M[aurice]. “The Basis of War-Time Collectivism.” American Economic Review 7 (Dec 1917).

—. The Costs of the World War to the American People. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1931.

Clarkson, Grosvenor B. Industrial America in the World War: The Strategy Behind the Line, 1917-1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1923.

Cuff, Robert D. The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

Day, Edmund E. “The American Merchant Fleet: A War Achievement, A Peace Problem.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 34 (Aug. 1920).

Dixon, Frank Haigh. “Federal Operation of the Railroads during the War.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 33 (Aug. 1919).

Ferrell, Robert H. Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1917-1921. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

Haney, Lewis H. “Price Fixing in the United States during the War.” Political Science Quarterly 34 (1919), in three parts.

Hawley, Ellis, W. The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.

Hippelheuser, Richard H., ed. American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1941.

Hitchcock, Curtice N. “The War Industries Board: Its Development, Organization, and Functions.” Journal of Political Economy 26 (June 1918).

Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Kerr, K. Austin. American Railroad Politics, 1914-1920: Rates, Wages, and Efficiency. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968.

Koistinen, Pual A. C. “The ‘Industrial-Military Complex’ in Historical Perspective: World War I.” Business History Review 41 (Winter 1967).

Leland, Waldo G., and Newton D. Mereness, comp. Introduction to the American Official Sources for the Economic and Social History of the World War. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1926.

Litman, Simon. Prices and Price Control in Great Britain and the United States during the World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1920.

Livermore, Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916-1918. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1966.

Marshall, L. C. “The War Labor Program and Its Administration,” Journal of Political Economy 26 (May 1918).

Metzer, Jacob. “How New Was the New Era? The Public Sector in the 1920’s.” Journal of Economic History 45 (March 1985).

Moulton, Harold G. “Industrial Conscription.” Journal of Political Economy 25 (Nov. 1917).

Palmer, Frederick. Newton D. Baker: America at War. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931.

Paxson, Frederic L. “The American War Government, 1917-1918.” American Historical Review 26 (Oct. 1920).

Rothbard, Murray N. “War Collectivism in World War I.” In A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State, ed. Ronald Radosh and Murray N. Rothbard. New York: Dutton, 1972.

Schaub, Edward L. “The Regulation of Rentals during the War Period.” Journal of Political Economy 28 (Jan. 1920).

Soule, George. Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression, 1917-1929. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1947.

Taussig, F. W. “Price-Fixing as Seen by a Price Fixer.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 33 (Feb. 1919).
Wehle, Louis B.“Labor Problems in the United States during the War.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 32 (Feb. 1918).

The Great Depression:

Allen, Frederick Lewis. Since Yesterday: The Nineteen-Thirties in America. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940.

Alston, Lee J. “Farm Foreclosures in the United States during the Interwar Period.” Journal of Economic History 43 (Dec. 1983).

—. “Farm Foreclosure Moratorium Legislation: A lesson from the Past.” American Economic Review 74 (June 1984).

Chandler, Lester V. America's Greatest Depression, 1929-1941. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.

Darby, Michael R. “Three-and-a-Half Million U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid: Or, an Explanation of Unemployment, 1934-1941.” Journal of Political Economy 84 (Feb. 1976).

Ekirch, Arthur A., Jr. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969.

Freidel, Frank. Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973.

Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Great Crash 1929. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.

Garrity, John A. “The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression.” American Historical Review 78 (Oct. 1973).

Hawley, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly: A Study in Economic Ambivalence. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966.

—. The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.

Jones, Jesse H. Fifty Billion Dollars: My Thirteen Years with the RFC. New York: Macmillan, 1951.

Kesselman, J. R., and N. E. Savin. “Three-and-a-Half Million Workers Never Were Lost.” Economic Inquiry 16 (April 1978).

Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940. New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1963.

—. “The New Deal and the Analogue of War.” In Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America, ed. John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and Everett Walters. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964.

Libecap, Gary D. “The Political Economy of the Establishment of the Interstate Oil Cartel, 1933-1940.” In Emergence of the Modern Political Economy, ed. Robert Higgs. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1985.

Lucas, Robert E., Jr., and Leonard A. Rapping. “Unemployment in the Great Depression: Is There a Full Explanation?” Journal of Political Economy 80 (Jan./Feb. 1972).

Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929-1941. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.

Pels, Richard H. Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Roosevelt Leadership, 1933-1945. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955.

Rothbard, Murray N. “Herbert Hoover and the Myth of Laissez-Faire.” In A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State, ed. Ronald Radosh and Murray N. Rothbard. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1972.

Schwarz, Jordan A. The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970.

Shannon, David A., ed. The Great Depression. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960.

Smiley, Gene. “Did Incomes for Most of the Population Fall from 1923 Through 1929?” Journal of Economic History 43 (March 1983).

—. “Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920‘s and 1930’s.” Journal of Economic History 43 (June 1983).

Wallis, John Joseph. "The Birth of the Old Federalism: Financing the New Deal, 1932-1940." Journal of Economic History 44 (March 1984).

—. “Why 1933? The Origins and Timing of National Government Growth.” In Emergence of the Modern Political Economy, ed. Robert Higgs. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1985.

Wallis, John Joseph, and Daniel K. Benjamin. “Public Relief and Private Employment in the Great Depression.” Journal of Economic History 41 (March 1981).

Whatley, Warren C. “Labor for the Picking: The New Deal in the South.” Journal of Economic History 43 (Dec. 1983).

Wilbur, Ray Layman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. The Hoover Policies. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937.

World War II:

Beaumont, Roger A. “Quantum Increase: The MIC [military-industrial complex] in the Second World War.“ In War, Business, and American Society: Historical Perspectives on the Military-Industrial Complex, ed, Benjamin Franklin Cooling. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1977.

Blum, Albert A. “Birth and Death of the M-Day Plan.” In American Civil-Military Decisions, ed. Harold Stein. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1962.

Blum, Albert A., and J. Douglas Smyth. “Who Should Serve: Pre-World War II Planning for Selective Service.” Journal of Economic History 30 (June 1970).

Blum, John Morton. V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.

Burns, James McGregor. Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970.

Cain, Louis, and George Neumann. “Planning for Peace: The Surplus Property Act of 1944.” Journal of Economic History 41 (March 1981).

Donovan, Robert J. Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948. New York: Norton, 1977.

Evans, Paul. “The Effects of General Price Controls in the United States during World War II.” Journal of Political Economy 90 (Oct. 1982).

Gordon, Robert J. “$45 Billion of U. S. Private Investment Has Been Mislaid.“ American Economic Review 69 (June 1969).
Harris, Seymour E. Price and Related Controls in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945.

Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1957.

Jones, Jesse H. Fifty Billion Dollars: My Thirteen Years with RFC. New York: Macmillan, 1951.

Koistinen, Paul A. C. “Mobilizing the World War II Economy: Labor and the Industrial-Military Alliance.” Pacific Historical Review 42 (Nov. 1973).

Milward, Alan S. War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

Mitchell, Wesley C. “Wartime 'Prosperity' and the Future.” National Bureau of Economic Research Occasional Paper 9 (March 1943).

Polenberg, Richard. War and Society: The United States, 1941-1945. New York: Lippincott, 1972.

Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Roosevelt Leadership, 1933-1945. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955.

Rockoff, Hugh. “Indirect Price Increases and Real Wages during World War II.” Explorations in Economic History 15 (Oct 1978).

—. “The Response of the Giant Corporations to Wage and Price Controls in World War II.” Journal of Economic History 41 (March 1981).

—. “Price and Wage Controls in Four Wartime Periods.” Journal of Economic History 41 (June 1981).

Ross, Davis R. B. Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans during World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.

Smaller War Plants Corporation. Economic Concentration and World War II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946.

Smith, R. Elberton. The Army and Economic Mobilization. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, 1959.

Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War. London: Hutchinson, 1947.

War Records Section, U.S. Bureau of the Budget. The United States at War: Development and Administration of the War Program by the Federal Government. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1946.

Young, Roland. Congressional Politics in the Second World War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956.

Since World War II:

Aaron, Henry J. Politics and the Professors: The Great Society in Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978.

Chapman, Stephen. “The Gas Lines of ’79.” Public Interest (Summer 1980).

Clayton, James L., ed. The Economic Impact of the Cold War: Sources and Readings. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970.

Domhoff, William. Who Rules America Now? Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983.

Dye, Thomas R. Who's Running America? Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983.

Fulbright, J. William. The Pentagon Propaganda Machine. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.

Galbraith, John Kenneth. The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.

Gansler, Jacques S. The Defense Industry. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980.

Glasner, David. Politics, Prices, and Petroleum: The Political Economy of Energy. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1985.

Glazer, Nathan. “The Social Policy of the Reagan Administration: A Review.“ Public Interest (Spring 1984).

Glazer, Nathan, and Irving Kristol, eds. The American Commonwealth, 1976. New York: Basic Books, 1976.

Greider, William, The Education of David Stockman and Other Americans. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1982.

Higgs, Robert. “Carter’s Wage-Price Guidelines: A Review of the First Year.” Policy Review 11 (Winter 1980).

—. “Wage-Price Guidelines: Retreat and Defeat.” Freeman 31 (Nov. 1981).

Karadbil, Leon N., and Roderick L. Vawter. “The Defense Production Act: Crucial Component of Mobilization Preparedness.” In Mobilization and the National Defense, ed. Hardy L. Merritt and Luther F. Carter. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1985.

Keller, Robert R., and Ann Mari May. “The Presidential Political Business Cycle of 1972.” Journal of Economic History 44 (June 1984).

Koistinen, Paul A. C. The Military-Industrial Complex: A Historical Perspective. New York: Praeger, 1980.

Lodge, George C. The New American Ideology. New York: Knopf, 1976.

Navarro, Peter. The Policy Game: How Special Interests and Ideologues Are Stealing America. New York: Wiley, 1984.

Palmer, John [L.], and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds. The Reagan Experiment. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1982.

—. The Reagan Record: An Assessment of America's Changing Domestic Priorities. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1984.

Phillips, Kevin P. Post-Conservative America: People, Politics and Ideology in a Time of Crisis. New York: Random House, 1982.

Pursell, Carroll W., Jr., ed. The Military-Industrial Complex. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.

Reichley, A. James. Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1981.

Roberts, Paul Craig. The Supply-Side Revolution: An Insider's Account of Policymaking in Washington. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Rosen, Steven, ed. Testing the Theory of the Military-Industrial Complex. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1973.

Shultz, George P., and Kenneth W. Dam. Economic Policy Beyond the Headlines. New York: Norton, 1977.

Silk, Leonard. Economics in the Real World. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.

Simon, William E. A Time for Truth. New York: Berkley Books, 1979.

Stockman, David A. The Triumph of Politics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

Twight, Charlotte. America's Emerging Fascist Economy. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1975.

Weaver, Paul H. “Regulation, Social Policy, and Class Conflict.” Public Interest (Winter 1978).

Williams, Benjamin H. Emergency Management of the National Economy. Vol. 21. Reconversion and Partial Mobilization. Washington, D.C.: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 1956.

Biographical and Wider-Ranging Historical Works:

Anderson, Benjamin M. Economics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914-46. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979.

Baruch, Bernard, M. Baruch: The Public Years. New York: Hold Rinehart & Winston, 1960.

Bowles, Chester. Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941-1969. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.

Byrnes, James F. All in One Lifetime. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1958.

Douglas, William O. Go East, Young Man: The Early Years. The Autobiography of William O. Douglas. New York: Vintage, 1983.

Ekirch, Arthur A., Jr. The Decline of American Liberalism. New York: Atheneum, 1980.

Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963.

Galbraith, John Kenneth. A Life in our Times: Memoirs. New York: Ballantine Books, 1981.

Gerber, Larry G. The Limits of Liberalism: Josephus Daniels, Henry Stimson, Bernard Baruch, Donald Richberg, Felix Frankfurter and the Development of the Modern American Political Economy. New York: New York University Press, 1983.

Graham, Otis L., Jr. Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Hamby, Alonzo L. Liberalism and Its Challenges: FDR to Reagan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Higgs, Robert, ed. Emergence of the Modern Political Economy. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1985.

Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition, And the Men Who Made It. New York: Vintage, 1974.

Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920. New York: Macmillan, 1952.

—. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920. New York: Macmillan, 1952.

—. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920. New York: Macmillan, 1952

Hughes, Jonathan. American Economic History. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1983.

Karl, Barry D. The Uneasy State: The United States from 1915 to 1945. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.

McAdoo, William Gibbs. Crowded Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.

McCraw, Thomas K. Prophets of Regulation: Charles Francis Adams, Louis D. Brandeis, James M. Landis, Alfred E. Kahn. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1984.

Nixon, Richard M. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.

North, Douglass C. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: Norton, 1981.

Parrish, Michael E. Felix Frankfurter and His Times: The Reform Years. New York: Free Press, 1982.

Pusey, Merlo J. Eugene Meyer. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1974.

Rockoff, Hugh. Drastic Measures: A History of Wage and Price Controls in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Schwarz, Jordan A. The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

Sobel, Robert. The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business, 1914-1970. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972.

Steel, Ronald. Walter Lippmann and the American Century. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980.

Stein, Herbert. The Fiscal Revolution in America: Policy in Pursuit of Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

—. Presidential Economics: The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1984.

Temin, Peter. “Government Actions in Times of Crisis: Lessons from the History of Drug Regulation.“ Journal of Social History 18 (Spring 1985).

Twight, Charlotte. “U.S. Regulation of International Trade: A Retrospective Inquiry.” In Emergence of the Modern Political Economy, ed. Robert Higgs. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1985.

Legal and Constitutional:

Anderson, Martin, ed. The Military Draft: Selected Readings on Conscription. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1982.

Belknap, Michal R. “The New Deal and the Emergency Powers Doctrine.” Texas Law Review 62 (1983).

Berdahl, Clarence A. War Powers of the Executive in the United States. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1921.

Beth, Loren P. The Development of the American Constitution, 1877-1917. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1971.

Clark, Jane Perry. “Emergencies and the Law.” Political Science Quarterly 49 (June 1934).

Conant, Michael. The Constitution and Capitalism. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1974.

Corwin, Edward S. Total War and the Constitution. New York: Knopf, 1947.

Friedman, Lawrence M. A History of American Law. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973.

Firedman, Leon. “Conscription and the Constitution: The Original Understanding.” Michigan Law Review 67 (May 1969).

Gillam, Richard. “The Peacetime Draft: Voluntarism to Coercion.” Yale Review 57 (June 1968).

Higgs, Robert, and Charlotte Twight. “National Emergency and the Erosion of Private Property Rights.” Cato Journal 6 (Winter 1987).

Hurst, James Willard. Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1956.

—. Law and Markets in United States History: Different Modes of Bargaining Among Interests. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.

Karlin, Norman. “Substantive Due Process: A Doctrine for Regulatory Control.” In Rights and Regulation: Ethical, Political, and Economic Issues, ed. Tibor R. Machan and M. Bruce Johnson. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1983.

Murphy, Paul L. The Constitution in Crisis Times, 1918-1969. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972.

Paul, Arnold M. Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of Bar and Bench, 1887-1895. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.

Porter, Mary Cornelia. “That Commerce Shall Be Free: A New Look at the Old Laissez-Faire Court.” Supreme Court Review (1976).

Prosser, William L. “The Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium.” Southern California Law Review 7 (1934)

Rossiter, Clinton L. Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1948.

Rossiter, Clinton, and Richard P. Longaker. The Supreme Court and the Commander in Chief. Expanded edition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976.

Scheiber, Harry N. “Public Economic Policy and the American Legal System: Historical Perspectives.” Wisconsin Law Review (1980).

Siegan, Bernard H. Economic Liberties and the Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

ten Broek, Jacobus, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson. Prejudice, War and the Constitution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954.

Twight, Charlotte. America's Emerging Fascist Economy. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1975.

U.S. SUPREME COURT CASES:

Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908).

Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366 (1918).

Block v. Hirsh, 256, U.S. 135 (1921).

Bowles v. Willingham, 321 U.S. 503 (1944).

Chastleton Corp. v. Sinclair, 264 U.S. 543 (1924).

Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 (1915).

Ex Parte Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944).

Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911).

Goldman v. United States 245 U.S. 474 (1918).

Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943).

Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 (1934).

In re Debs, 158 U.S. 564 (1895).

Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).

Lichter v. United States, 334 U.S. 742 (1948).

Marcus Brown Holding Co. v. Feldman, 256 U.S. 170 (1921).

Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934).

New State Ice Co. v. Liebman, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).

Norman v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935).

Northern Pacific Railway Co. v. North Dakota, 250 U.S. 135 (1919).

Nortz v. United States, 294 U.S. 317 (1935).

Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 338 (1935).

Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935).

Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895).

Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. (rehearing), 158 U.S. 601 (1895).

Ruthenberg v. United States, 245 U.S. 480 (1918).

Steuart v. Bowles, 322 U.S. 398 (1944).

United States v. Bankers Trust Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935).

United States v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 315 U.S. 289 (1942).

United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936).

United States v. Cohen Grocery Co., 255 U.S. 81 (1921).

United States v. Schechter Poultry Corp., 295 U.S. 495 (1935).

Wilson v. New, 243 U.S. 332 (1917).

Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414 (1944).

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).