Home

Crises and Power
History
U.S. Foreign Policy
   
Blowback
   Development & Aid
   Intelligence
   Interventionism
   Non-Interventionism
   Protectionism
   Regional Influence

Quotes on Power

About the book Crisis and Leviathan

Center on Peace & Liberty Interventionism

Contents:

Introduction:

Interventionism refers to the assortment of government policies that aims to achieve political or military results within foreign countries or in relations among foreign countries. The spectrum of policies ranges from covert intelligence gathering to the provision of military advisers to outright military involvement. Intervention can also take an economic form, such as the bailing out of a foreign central bank or the extending loans and grants to foreign governments.

Intervention, of course, requires the government’s commandeering of private resources: money through taxation and even lives through conscription. When resources and people are impressed into government service, they cannot produce goods and services for consumers.

Intervention begets intervention. When a government attempts to manage affairs, particularly in arcane foreign matters with complex histories, it is likely to create bad consequences even from the policymakers’ own perspective. That in turn prompts them to extend their intervention and seize control of more of their citizens’ resources. Average people in home (for example, the September 11 attacks) and foreign countries are inevitably caught in the crossfire. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the advantages of profligate U.S. interventions overseas have declined and the disadvantages have dramatically increased (the September 11 attacks showed that terrorists, with the intent to inflict massive casualties on the U.S. homeland, can launch retaliatory strikes that make U.S. overseas interventions risky).

Also, click here for Bibliography for Crisis and Leviathan.

Africa:

Ayittey, George. Africa Betrayed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1993.

—. Africa in Chaos. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

—. “New Path for Africa: Establishing Free-Market Societies,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, April 28, 1999. [Forum Announcement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript]

Eland, Ivan. “Turn the War on Terrorism Into a War by Proxy.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, January 23, 2002.

Kimenyi, Mwangi S. “Review of the book Africa in Chaos by George B. N. Ayittey,” The Independent Review, Vol. III, No. 3 (Winter 1999), pp. 471-474.

—. Ethnic Diversity, Liberty and the State: The African Dilemma. Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar Publishers, 1998.

Lowenberg, Anton D. and William H. Kaempfer. The Origins and Demise of South African Apartheid: A Public Choice Analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1998.

Balkans:

Corwin, Philip. Dubious Mandate: A Memoir of the U.N. in Bosnia, Summer 1995. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999.

Dragnich, Alex and Slavko Todorovich. The Saga of Kosovo: Focus on Serbian-Albanian Relations. East European Monographs, 1984.

Eland, Ivan. “Even if NATO ‘Wins’ a Kosovo Ground War, It Loses,” Belleville News-Democrat, May 27, 1999.

—. “Kosovo Intervention Highlights European Free Riding,” The Tocqueville Connection, May 11, 1999.

—. “NATO Marching to Lose-Lose Situation,” South China Morning Post, May 29, 1999.

—. “Serbia’s Revolt: U.S. Role Hasn’t Helped,” USA Today, October 6, 2000.

Fleming, Thomas. Montenegro: The Divided Land. Rockford, IL: Chronicles Press, 2002.

Hammond, Philip. Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis. London: Pluto Press, 2000.

Hayden, Robert. Blueprint for a House Divided: The Constitutional Logic of the Yugoslav Conflicts. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2000,

Holbrooke, Richard. To End a War. New York: Modern Library; 1999.

Johnstone, Diana. Fool’s Crusades: Yugoslavia, NATO and Western Delusions. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003.

Lloyd, Anthony. My War Gone By, I Miss It So. New York: Penguin USA, 2001.

Parenti, Michael. To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia. New York: Verso Books, 2002.

Raimondo, Justin. Into the Bosnian Quagmire: The Case Against U.S. Intervention in the Balkans. Burlingame, Calif.: America First Books, 1996.

Taylor, Scott. Diary of an Uncivil War: The Violent Aftermath of the Kosovo Conflict. Esprit de Corps Books, 2002.

—. Inat: Images of Serbia and the Kosovo Conflict. Esprit de Corps Books, 2000.

Cold War:

Adamson, Michael. “Review of the book Butter and Guns: America's Cold War Economic Diplomacy by Diane B. Kunz,” The Independent Review, Vol. III, No. 3 (Winter 1999), p. 465-468.

Betts, Richard K. Conflict After the Cold War, 2nd ed. New York: Longman, 2001.

Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 1995.

Chomsky, Noam. Towards A New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got Here. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982.

Courtois, Stephane. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Diskin, Martin, ed. Trouble in Our Backyard: Central America and the United States in the Eighties. New York: Pantheon, 1983.

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Farewell Address. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute.

Fleming, D. F. The Cold War and Its Origins, 1917-1960. New York: Doubleday, 1961.

Garthoff, Raymond L. Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1985 (revised edition 1994).

Graebner, Norman A. Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1962.

Grinder, Walter E. “Cold War Revisionism: A Review Essay,” Libertarian Forum, Auust 1976, pp. 5-8.

Higgs, Robert. “The Cold War Economy: Opportunity Costs, Ideology, and the Politics of Crisis,” Explorations in Economic History, July 1994.

—. “The Cold War is Over, but U.S. Preparation for It Continues,” The Independent Review, Vol. VI, No. 2 (Fall 2001), pp. 287-305.

Horowitz, David, ed. Corporations and Cold War. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.

Husain, Khurram. “Neocons: The Men Behind the Curtain,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. 59, No. 6 (November/December 2003), pp. 62–71.

LaFeber, Walter. Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993.

—. American, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1975. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.

Langguth, A.J. Hidden Terrors. New York: Pantheon, 1978.

Leebaert, Derek. The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America’s Cold War Victory. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 2002.

Lukacs, John A. A New History of the Cold War. New York: Doubleday, 1966.

Milchman, Alan. “D. F. Fleming on ‘the Origins of the Cold War,’” Left and Right, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Autumn 1965), pp. 64-83.

Mills, C. Wright. The Causes of World War III. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E.Sharpe, 1985.

Newfield, Jack. A Prophetic Minority: A Probing Study of the Origins and Development of the New Left.. New York: New American Library, 1966.

Oglesby, Carl and Richard Shaull. Containment and Change. London: Macmillan Company, 1967.

Patterson, Thomas G., ed. Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years. New York: Franklin Watts, 1971.

Pipes, Richard, ed. Communism: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2001.

Sanders, James D., Mark A. Sauter and R. Cort Kirkwood. Soldiers of Misfortune: Washington’s Secret Betrayal of American POW’s in the Soviet Union. Washington, D.C.: National Press Books, 1992.

Schmitz, David F. Thank God They're On Our Side: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Schoultz, Lars. Human Rights and United States Policy Toward Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Schuman, Frederick L. The Cold War: Retrospect and Prospect. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967.

Skidmore, Thomas. The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964-85. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Wilson, Edmund. The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest. New York: Farrar, Straus and Company, 1963.

Yandle, Bruce. “Review of the book Communism: A History ed. by Richard Pipes,” The Independent Review, Vol. VII, No. 1 (Summer 2002), pp. 143-145.

Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978.

East Asia:

Carpenter, Ted Galen. “Review of the book Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam by Lloyd C. Gardner,” The Independent Review, Vol. II, No. 2 (Fall 1997), pp. 314-317.

Chomsky, Noam. American Power and the New Mandarins. New York: New Press, 2002.

Eland, Ivan. “Death by a Thousand Cuts: Small Operations Such as East Timor Can Tax U.S. Forces,” USA Today, September 22, 1999.

—. “Media Coverage of the 25th Anniversary of the Fall of Vietnam Rewrites History.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

Endicott, Stephen and Edward Hagerman. The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.

Gardner, Lloyd C. Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1990.

Kahin, Audrey R. and George McT. Kahin. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: New Press, 1995.

Kubek, Anthony. How the Far East Was Lost: American Policy and the Creation of Communist China. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1963.

Marshall, Jonathan V. To Have and Have Not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1995.

Miller, Stuart Creighton. Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984.

Neumann, William L. America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.

Sweeney, Jerry. “A Matter of Small Consequence: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Tragedy of East Timor,” The Independent Review, Vol. VII, No. 1 (Summr 2002), pp. 91-102.

Utley, Freda. The China Story. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1949.

Economic Effects of War:

Eland, Ivan. “The American Taxpayer Is Paying Dearly to Be Attacked by Terrorists.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 13, 2003.

Gholz, Eugene and Daryl Press. “The Effects of Wars on Neutral Countries: Why It Doesn’t Pay to Preserve the Peace,” Security Studies, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Summer 2001).

Silberner, Edmund. The Problem of War in Nineteenth Century Economic Thought. New York: Garland, 1972.

Staley, Eugene. Foreign Investment and War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935. [Online Book]

Europe:

Aldrich, Richard J. “America Used Islamists to Arm the Bosnian Muslims: The Srebrenica Report Reveals the Pentagon’s Role in a Dirty War,” The Guardian, April 22, 2002.

Charmley, John. Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship, 1940-1957. New York: Harvest Books, 1996.

Diggins, John P. Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.

Eland, Ivan. “The Costs of NATO Expansion: What Are the Administration and NATO Hiding.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, February 3, 1998.

—. “Serbia’s Revolt: U.S. Role Hasn’t Helped,” USA Today, October 6, 2000.

—. “We’ve Earned a Peace Dividend,” Orange County Register,” July 1998.

Gardner, Lloyd C. Spheres of Influence: The Great Powers Partition Europe, From Munich to Yalta. Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1993.

Glenny, Misha. Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War. New York, Penguin Books, 1996.

Hayek, F. A. Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. by Bruce Caldwell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Kenedy, Paul and Patrick K. O’Brien. “Debate: The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846-1914,” Past & Present, No. 125 (November 1989), pp. 186-199.

Payne, Stanley G. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.

Read, Donald. Cobden and Bright: A Victorian Political Partnership. London: Edward Arnold, 1967.

Stromberg, Roland N. Collective Security and American Foreign Policy: From the League of Nations to NATO. New York: Praeger, 1963. [Online Book]

von Mises, Ludwig. Omipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.

Financial Intervention:

Caufield, Catherine. Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations. New York: Henry Holt & Company, Inc, 1997.

Higgs, Robert. “Inflation and the Destruction of the Free Market Economy,” The Intercollegiate Review (Spring 1979).

Meltzer, Allan H. “What’s Wrong with the IMF? What Would Be Better?”, The Independent Review, Vol. IV, No. 2 (Fall 1999), pp. 201-215.

Reynolds, Alan. “Imperial Rule: Distant and Out of Touch, the IMF Ruins Economies Great and Small,” National Review, November 9, 1998.

Sacks, David O. and Peter A. Thiel. “The IMF’s Big Wealth Transfer,” Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1998.

Schuler, Kurt. “A Currency Board Beats IMF Rx,” Wall Street Journal, February 18, 1998.

Willett, Thomas D. “Understanding the IMF Debate,” The Independent Review, Vol. V, No. 4 (Spring 2001), pp. 593-610.

Wolf, Jr., Charles. “Review of the book Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations by Catherine Caufield,” The Independent Review, Vol. II, No. 4 (Spring 1998), pp. 617-619.

General:

Angell, Norman. The Fruits of Victory. New York: Century Company, 1921.

—. The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1933.

—. This Have and Have-Not Business: Political Fantasy and Economic Fact. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1936.

Barnes, Harry Elmer. “Revisionism and the Promotion of Peace,” Liberation (Summer 1958).

—. “Revisionism Revisited,” Liberation (Summer 1959).

Beard, Charles A. The Devil Theory of War: An Inquiry Into the Nature of History and the Possibility of Keeping Out of War. New York: Vanguard Press, 1936.

Bovard, James. Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice and Peace to Rid the World of Evil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Chomsky, Noam. For Reasons of State. New York: New Press, 2003.

Eland, Ivan. “Defending Forward: Going After Terrorists Threatens to Spread U.S. Military Forces Too Thin,” Orange County Register, February 3, 2002.

—. “A Hollow Military Debate in the Presidential Election,” Stamford (CT) Advocate, September 5, 2000.

—. “Insufficient Response to Terrorism.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Let the Defense Debate Begin,” New York Times, August 24, 2000.

—. “Year 2000 Warning from Uncle Sam: ‘Duck and Cover.’” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 22, 1999.

Ferrero, Guglielmo. “Forms of War and International Anarchy,” in Wiliam E. Rappard, ed., The World Crisis. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969.

—. Militarism. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971.

—. Peace and War. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969.

—. The Unity of the World. New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1930.

Gottfried, Paul. “Wilsonianism: The Legacy That Won’t Die,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, IX, 2 (Fall 1990).

Grenville, J.A.S. A History of the World in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994.

Gress, David R. “The Drama of Western Identity,” The Independent Review, Vol. IV, No. 3 (Winter 2000), pp. 463-466.

Hayek, F. A. Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. by Bruce Caldwell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Hayes, Carlton J.H. Essays on Nationalism. New York: Macmillan, 1926.

—. The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1931.

Higgs, Robert. “Collateral Damage: Two Venues, One Logic,” San Francisco Examiner, April 15, 2002.

—. “Military Precision versus Moral Precision.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 23, 2003.

—. “Some Are Weeping, Some Are Not.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 26, 2003.

Holmes, Robert L. On War and Morality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, Jr. and Lawrence Korb. American National Security: Policy and Process, 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Karp, Walter. The Politics of War. New York: HarperCollins, 1980.

Krepon, Michael and Christopher Clary. Space Assurance or Space Dominance: The Case Against Weaponizing Space. Washington, D.C.: Henry L. Simson Center, 2003.

Labs, Eric. “Offensive Realism and Why States Expand Their War Aims,” Security Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer 1997), pp. 1-49.

Lapham, Lewis. Theater of War. New York: New Press, 2002.

Layne, Christopher. “Kantor Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace,” in Michael E. Brown, Sean Lynn-Jones and Stephen Miller, ed., Debating the Democratic Peace. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996, pp. 157-201.

McElroy, Wendy. “War’s Other Casualty,” The Freeman, July 1999.

Mearsheimer, John J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003.

Melman, Seymour, ed. Disarmament: Its Politics and Economics. Boston: American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1962.

Olsen, Edward A. U.S. National Defense for the Twenty-First Century: The Grand Exit Strategy. Frank Cass & Company, 2002.

Priest, Dana. The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America's Military. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003.

Rand, Ayn. “The Roots of War,” in Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. New York: The New American Library, 1967.

Robbins, Lionel. The Economic Causes of War. New York: Howard Fertig, 1968.

Rothbard, Murray N. “The Anatomy of the State,” in Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000, pp. 55-88.

—. “War, Peace and the State,” in Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000, pp. 115-132.

Rummel, R. J. and Ted Galen Carpenter. “Democracy and War: Reply and Rejoinder,” The Independent Review, Vol. III, No. 1 (Summer 1998), pp. 103-110.

Schell, Jonathan. The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence and the Will of the People. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. Imperialism and Social Classes. New York: Meridian, 1955.

Sulzbach, Walter. “Capitalistic Warmongers”: A Modern Superstition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.

—. National Consciousness. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs, 1943.

Swanwick, H.M. Collective Insecurity. London: Jonathan Cape, 1937.

Swomley, John. American Empire: The Political Ethics of 20th Century Conquest. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

Tilley, Charles. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Peter Evans, Dietrich Roueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. The striking parallels between state making and organized crime, and that the growth of state power is inseparable from war.

Vagts, Alfred. A History of Militarism, Civilian and Military. New York: Free Press, 1967.

Williams, William Appleman. America Confronts a Revolutionary World. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1976.

Winslow, Earle M. The Pattern of Imperialism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.

Wormser, Rene A. The Myth of the Good and Bad Nations. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1954. Diplomatic, political and military history which devastatingly refutes the view that wars and oppressive policies are due to the moral and racial inferiority of enemy peoples.

History of U.S. Foreign Policy:

Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. New York: Perennial, 1996.

Barnes, Harry Elmer. Genesis of the World War and Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.

—. Intellectual and Cultural History of the Western World. New York: Dover Publications, 1965.

—, ed. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1966.

. Select Bibliography of Revisionist Books Dealing with the Two World Wars and Their Aftermath. 1958.

Barnet, Richard. Roots of War: The Men and Institutions Behind U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Viking Press, 1973.

Beard, Charles A. American Foreign Policy in the Making, 1932-1940: A Study in Responsibilities. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1946.

—. Giddy Minds and Foreign Quarrels. New York: Macmillan, 1939.

—. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948.

Beard, Charles A. and Mary R. Beard. America in Midpassage. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith Publishers, 1966.

Bergen, Peter L. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden. New York: Free Press, 2001.

Bernstein, Barton J., ed. Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History. New York: New York, Pantheon Books, 1968.

Buckley, Kevin. Panama: The Whole Story. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.

Calhoun, Laurie. “Just War? Moral Soldiers?”, The Independent Review, Vol. IV, No. 3 (Winter 2000), pp. 325-345.

Cobane, Craig T. “Review of the book For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush, by Christopher Andrew,” The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 3 (Winter 1997), pp. 456-459.

Dempsey, Gary, and Roger W. Fontaine. Fool’s Errands: America’s Reecent Encounters with Nation Building. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 2001.

Denson, John V., ed. The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1997.

Ebeling, Richard M. and Jacob Hornberger, eds. The Failure of America’s Foreign Wars. Fairfax, VA: Future of Freedom Foundation, 1996.

Ekirch, Jr., Arthur A. The Decline of American Liberalism. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1967.

Eland, Ivan. “Ghosts of the Cold War.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, October 12, 1999.

Engdahl, F. William. A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order. Concord, Mass.: Paul and Company, 1993.

Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War: Explaining World War I. New York: Basic Books, 2000.

Fogelsang, David S. America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

Gardner, Lloyd. Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Garrett, Garrett. The American Story. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1955.

Grob, Gerald N. and George Athan Bilias. Interpretations of American History, Vol. I. New York: Free Press, 1982.

Hamlin, Charles H. The War Myth in United States History. New York: Vanguard Press, 1927.

Hayward, Steven. Foreign Entanglements: An Institutional Critique of U.S. Foreign Policy. San Francisco, Calif.: Pacific Research Institute, 2001.

Hersh, Seymour M. The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. New York: Summit, 1983.

Hietala, Thomas. Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Higgs, Robert. “Camelot and the Bushies: Some Disturbing Parallels.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 7, 2003.

—. “Suppose You Wanted to Have a Permanent War.” Oakland, Calif: The Independent Institute, June 12, 2003.

—. “World War II and the Military-Industrial-Congressional Complex,” Freedom Daily, May 1995.

Houghton, Neal D. “Perspective for Foreign Policy Objectives in Areas--and in an Era--of Rapid Social Change,” Western Political Quarterly (December 1963), pp. 844–884.

—, ed. Struggle Against History: U.S. Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolution. New York: Clarion, 1968.

Hoyt, Ewin. America’s Wars and Military Excursions. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987.

Jackson, Helen Hunt. A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings With Some of the Indian Tribes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.

Kahin, George. Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1986.

Karp, Walter. Indespensable Enemies: The Politics of Misrule in America. New York: Franklin Square Press, 1993.

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.

Kolko, Gabriel. The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945. New York: Vintage Books, 1968.

Liggio, Leonard P. and James J. Martin, eds.Watershed of Empire: Essays on New Deal Foreign Policy. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles, 1976.

Marina, William F. “Detente and Its Enemies,” Reason (May, 1978), pp. 37-38, 40-41.

—. Egalitarianism and Empire. Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, 1975.

Martin, James J. American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931-1941: Liberalism’s Press and Spokesmen on the Road Back to War Between Mukden and Pearl Harbor, 2 Vols. New York: Devin-Adair Publishers, 1963.

—. The Saga of Hog Island: And Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1977.

—. “The Saga of Hog Island, 1917-1921: The Story of the First Great War Boondoggle,” from The Saga of Hog Island: And Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1977.

Mayer, Arno. Wilson vs. Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918. New York: Meridian Books, 1964.

McElroy, Wendy. “World War I and the Suppression of Dissent,” Fairfax, Virginia: Future of Freedom Foundation, 2002.

Millis, Walter. The Martial Spirit. Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 1989.

—. The Road to War, America 1914-1917. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935. Influential book critiquing Wilsonian foreign policy and World War I.

Morley, Felix. The Foreign Policy of the United States. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952.

Musicant, Ivan. The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America From the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Panama. London: Macmillan, 1990.

Nisbet, Robert A. The Present Age: Progress and Anarchy in Modern America. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

O’Shaughnessy, Hugh. Grenada: An Eyewitness Account of the U.S. Invasion and the Caribbean History That Provoked It. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1984.

Paterson, Thomas G., ed. Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy, 1961-1963. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Raico, Ralph. “Review of the book Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World since 1776 by Walter A. McDougall, The Independent Review, Vol. III, No. 2 (Fall 1998), pp. 273-278.

Riddle, Wesley Allen. “Review of the book In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s by Michael S. Sherry,” The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 3 (Winter 1997), pp. 452-456.

Rosenberg, Emily S. Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945. New York: Hill & Wang Publishers, 1982.

Russett, Bruce M. No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States' Entry into World War II. New York: HarperCollins, 1972.

Sanborn, Frederic R. Design for War: A Study of Secret Power Politics, 1937-1941. Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1951. The U.S. entry into the second world war including Roosevelt’s political aims for doing so.

Schaffer, Ronald. America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Imperial Presidency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973.

Shawcross, William. Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

Stockwell, John. In Search of Enemies: A C.I.A. Story. New York: Norton, 1978.

Sromberg, Joseph R. “Review of the book James Burnham and the Struggle for the World: A Life by Daniel Kelley,”The Independent Review, Vol. VIII, No. 1 (Summer 2003), pp. 141-145.

Tansill, Charles C. America Goes to War. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith Publishers, 1987.

—. Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy, 1933-1941. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952. Scholarly book on how Roosevelt sought war against Japan after unsuccessfully trying to intervene in Eurrope.

Taylor, A.J.P. The Origins of the Second World War. New York: Fawcett World Library, 1965. The best book on the causes of World War II.

Thompson, E.P. The Heavy Dancers: Writings on War, Past and Future. London: Merlin Press, 1985.

Veale, F.J.P. Advance to Barbarism: The Development of Total Warfare from Sarajevo to Hiroshima. Appleton, Wisc.: C.C. Nelson Publishing, 1953. Traces the barbarization of society in conducting total warfare, including strategic bombing of civilians during World War II.

—. Crimes Discreetly Veiled. New York: Devin-Adair, 1959. Allied war crims, including the Russian murder of thousands of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest.

Walker, Thomas, ed. Reagan versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1987.

Williams, William Appleman. The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750. New York: W.W. Norton.

—. From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972.

—. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988.

Wrigley, Russell.The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978.

Zimmerman, Warren. First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2002.

Impact Domestically:

Brandes, Stuart D. Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1997.

Corwin, Edward S. Total War and the Constitution. New York: Ayer Co., 1947.

Dalton, Eric. “Private Property and Collective Security,” Left & Right, Vol, 2, No. 3 (Autumn 1966).

Ekirch, Jr., Arthur A. The Civilian and the Military: A History of the American Antimilitarist Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.

Eland, Ivan. “Beef or Pork?”, Trenton Times, March 18, 2002.

—. “Bush’s Grandiose Missile Defense Scheme,” News-Herald (OH), May 10, 2001.

—. “Crying Wolf: The Navy Does Not Need More Subs,” Defense News, July 31, 2000.

—. “Defense Reform is Dead,” Black News (Columbia, SC), August 30, 2001.

—. “Does U.S. Intervention Breed Terrorism? The Historical Record,” Policy Briefing No. 50. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 17, 1998.

—. “Enshrining the ‘Reagan Legacy’ Could Cost Taxpayer’s Plenty.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “F-22--A Needed Fighter . . . Or a Fantasy,” Washington Times, July 26, 1999.

—. “Frying the French.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 12, 2003.

—. “Hopelessly Flawed Osprey Lives to Fly Another Day,” Defense News, June 4, 2001.

—. “Military Increase Will Delay Reforms,” State News Sunday (Dover, DE), May 5, 2002.

—. “The Only Thing Elusive,” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Protecting the Homeland: The Best Defense Is to Give No Offense,” Policy Analysis No. 306. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, May 5, 1998.

—. “Recommendations from Terrorism Commission Belong in the Circular File,” Manchester Union-Leader, June 26, 2000.

—. “Resist Giving FBI More Authority in Cyberspace,” Oregonian, February 17, 2000.

—. “Rumsfeld vs. the Pentagon: Is the F-22 at Stake?”, News Herald (FL), April 18, 2001.

—. “Security Spending Hikes: Real Improvements or Bureaucratic Largesse?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Smallpox: U.S. Government Is Endangering Americans to Run Risky Foreign Policy,” News-Herald (Hartford City, IN), November 12, 2002.

—. “Terrorism: Cohen’s Terrifying Trade-Off.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, September 2, 1998.

—. “U.S. Arrogance, Intervention Fuel Anti-American Terrorist Attacks,” Greenburg (PA) Tribune, September 28, 1999.

—. “U.S. Ignores Bio-Threat at Its Peril,” Newsday, October 5, 2001.

—. “Weaponry or Waste?”, Gaston Gazette, February 4, 2001.

Fulbright, J. William. The Pentagon Propaganda Machine. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.

Gardner, Lloyd C. A Different Frontier: Selected Readings in the Foundations of American Economic Expansion. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966.

Higgs, Robert. “Beware the Pork-Hawk: In Pursuit of Reelection, Congress Sells Out the Nation’s Defense,” Reason, June 1989.

—. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

—. “Crisis and Quasi-Corporatist Policy-Making: The U.S. Case in Historical Perspective,” The World & I, November 1988.

—. “Defending the Homeland,” The Free Market, May 2002.

—. “Free Enterprise and War, a Dangerous Liaison.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, January 22, 2003.

—. “Some Other Costs of War,” The Free Market, March 1991.

—. “U.S. National Security: Illusions versus Realities.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, June 30, 2002.

—. “War and Leviathan in Twentieth-Century America: Conscription as the Keystone,” from The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, edited by John V. Denson. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999.

—, ed. Arms, Politics, and the Economy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Holmes & Meier for The Independent Institute, 1990.

Lal, Deepak. “Does Modernization Require Westernization?”, The Independent Review, Summer 2000, Vol. V, No. 1, pp. 140-142.

Liggio, Leonard P. “Palefaces or Redskins: A Profile of Americans,” Left & Right, Vol, 2, No. 3 (Autumn 1966).

Mayer, Kenneth R. The Political Economy of Defense Contracting. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991.

McCloud, Janet and Robert Casey. “The Last Indian War,” Left & Right, Vol. 3, No. 1, (Winter 1967).

Mintz, Alex, ed. The Political Economy of Military Spending in the United States. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Pettigrew, Richard F. Imperial Washington: The Story of American Public Life from 1870-1920. Chicago: Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1922.

Porter, Bruce. War and the Rise of the State: The Military Foundations of Modern Politics. New York: Free Press, 1994.

Roots, Roger, “Terrorized into Absurdity: The Creation of the Transportation Security Administration,” The Independent Review, Vol. VII, No. 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 503-517.

Staley, Eugene. War and the Private Investor: A Study in the Relations of International Politics and International Private Investment. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1935.[Onlne Book]

von Mises, Ludwig. Omipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.

Watner, Carl. “Libertarians and Indians: Proprietary Justice and Aboriginal Land Rights,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 7 No. 1.

Walker, Jesse. “Review of the book Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II by Gerd Horten,” The Independent Review, Vol VIII, No. 1 (Summer 2003), pp. 132-135.

Middle East/Persian Gulf/Central Asia:

Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean. Islam and the West: A Dialog. Alexandria, VA: United Association for Studies and Research, 1998.

Arnove, Anthony. Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War. Boston: South End Press, 2002.

Carpenter, Ted Galen. America Entangled: The Persian Gulf Crisis and Its Consequences. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1991.

Chomsky, Noam. Middle East Illusions Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.

Ebeling, Richard M. and Jacob Hornberger, eds. Liberty, Security and the War on Terrorism. Fairfax, VA: Future of Freedom Foundation, 2003.

Eland, Ivan. “Adjusting to Iraq--and Reality.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, June 12, 1998.

—. “Arabs, Americans and bin Laden,” New York Times, January 25, 2002.

—. “Attack Somalia If We Must, But Not Iraq,” Charlotte Post, December 20, 2001.

—. “Bush’s Early Blunders in the War Are Downplayed by the American Media.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 1, 2003.

—. “Bush Foreign Policy Makes Clinton Look Good,” Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD), August 2, 2002.

—. “Bush Plan Is Just ‘Do Something,’” Newsday, June 10, 2002.

—. “Bush Deception on Iraq War II: Is the Public to Blame?” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, June 23, 2003.

—. “Bush’s Renewed Push for Middle East Peace: A Siren’s Song.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 30, 2003.

—. “The Clinton Administration’s Tough Rhetoric.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Containing and Deterring Saddam: If the U.S. Invades Iraq, the CIA Fears that Saddam Would Be More Likely to Carry Out Chemical and Biological Attacks,” St. Paul (MN) Pioneer Press, October 13, 2002.

—. “Don’t Give Bin Laden Total Victory,” New Journal & Guide (Norfolk, VA), September 19, 2001.

—. “A 51st Star for Old Glory?” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 9, 2003.

—. “Get Out of Saudi Arabia.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, January 23, 2002.

—. “Global Cop Role Carries Risk,” Harrisburg Patriot-News, March 9, 1999.

—. “Is the U.S.’s ‘Rosy Scenario’ in Iraq Holding?” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 31, 2003.

—. “Lessons from Israel: Bush Must War,” Bucks County Courier Times (Levittown, PA), May 10, 2002.

—. “A Military Strike Against Iraq: Merely Saving Face.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Saudis Offer Easy Way Out, So Let’s Take It: We Should Withdraw Our Forces Gracefully,” Chicago Sun-Times, January 27, 2002.

—. “The Saudis: Treat Them as Friend, Foe or Neither?” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, August 11, 2002.

—. “Top 10 Reasons Not to ‘Do’ Iraq,” Miami Herald, August 15, 2002.

—. “The United States as Global Cop: Arresting Consequences,” El Mundo, May 11, 1999.

—. “The U.S. Government Is Endangering,” Journal of Commerce, October 7, 1998.

—. “The U.S. Must Have Stronger Evidence for War in Iraq,” Norwalk (CT) Hour, September 7, 2002.

—. “Wanted: New Player for the ‘Axis of Evil’ Team.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 20, 2003.

Eland, Ivan and Bernard Gourley. “Why the United States Should Not Attack Iraq,” Policy Analysis No. 464. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 17, 2002.

Herold, Marc W. “A Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States’ Aerial Bombing of Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Accounting,” March 2002.

Higgs, Robert. “Facing the Consequences of the U.S. War in Iraq.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 2, 2003.

—. “Iraq and the United States: Who’s Menacing Whom?.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, August 5, 2002.

—. “Not Exactly an Eye for an Eye,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 23, 2003.

—. “Some Are Weeping, Some Are Not.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 26, 2003.

Kinzer, Stephen. All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

Lapham, Lewis H., Alan W. Bock, Jonathan V. Marshall, Seth Rosenfeld, David J. Theroux, and Paul H. Weaver. “The U.S. War on Terrorism: Myths and Realities,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, September 24, 2002. [Forum Announcement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript, Order Tapes and Transcripts]

MacArthur, John R. “Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War: How Government Can Mold Public Opinion,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, October 7, 1993 [Forum Audio, Forum Transcript]

—. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

McDougall, Walter A. “What the U.S. Needs to Promote in Iraq (Hint: It’s Not Democratization per se).” Philadelphia, Penn.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2003).

McElroy, Wendy. “No Oil for Food.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 29, 2003.

Meyer, Karl E. The Dust of Empire: The Race for Mastery in the Asian Heartland. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.

Rashid, Ahmed. “Osama bin Laden: How the U.S. Helped Midwife a Terrorist,” Institute for Public Integrity, September 13, 2001.

Solomon, Norman and Reese Erlich. Target Iraq: What the News Media Didn't Tell You. Context Books, 2003.

Stephens, Joe and David B. Ottaway. “From U.S., the ABC’s of Jihad,” Washington Post, March 23, 2002.

Swofford, Anthony. Jarhead: A Marine's Chronicle of the Gulf War and Other Battles. New York: Scribner, 2003.

Vargas Llosa, Alvaro. “Surgical Ordnance.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 10, 2003.

Vidal, Gore, Lewis Lapham, Barton Bernstein, Robert Higgs, and Thomas Gale Moore. “Understanding America’s Terrorist Crisis: What Should Be Done,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, April 18, 2002. [Forum Announcement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript, Order Tapes and Transcripts]

Nuclear Weapons:

Cohen, Avner and Steven Lee. Nuclear Weapons and the Future of Humanity: The Fundamental Questions. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 1986.

Eland, Ivan. “Aggressive Nuclear Policy: Enhancing or Detracting from U.S. Security?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Are U.S. Government Efforts in Counterproliferation Counterproductive?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, July 28, 1999.

—. “Chinese Nuclear Espionage: Is the Hysteria Warranted?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, June 3, 1999.

—. “George W. Bush’s Vision for Nuclear Security: Vestiges of the Cold War.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, June 1, 2000.

—. “A ‘Grand Deal’ on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: A Faustian Bargain.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, September 16, 1999.

—. “Nuclear Rapport with India, Pakistan Beats Hostility,” Houston Chronicle, May 1998.

—. “Ominous Harbinger of the Future.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, October 8, 2001.

Feiveson, Harold and Bruce Blair. The Nuclear Turning Point: A Blueprint for Deep Cuts and DeAlerting of Nuclear Weapons. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1999.

Garthoff, Raymond L. Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1989.

Higgs, Robert. “Can Nuclear Weapons Be Scrapped?” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 9, 1997.

Kennan, George F. The Nuclear Delusion: Soviet-American Relations in the Atomic Age. New York: Random House, 1983.

Krepon, Michael. Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense, and the Nuclear Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Lindsay, James M. Congress and Nuclear Weapons. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Martin, Brian. “Politics After a Nuclear Crisis,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2.

Mueller, John. “The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons,” International Security, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Fall 1988), pp. 55-79.

—. Retreat from Doomday: The Obsolescence of Major War. New York: Basic Books, 1990.

Neumann, William L. “Hiroshima Reconsidered,” Left and Right, Vol. II, No. 2 (Spring 1966), pp. 33-38

Orwell, George. “You and the Atomic Bomb,” Tribune, October 19, 1945, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, ed., The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 4. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.

Scheer, Robert. With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush, and Nuclear War. New York: Random House, 1983.

Schell. Jonathan. The Fate of the Earth and The Abolition. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.

Sherwin, Martin J. A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003.

U. S. Empire:

Bacevich, Andrew J. American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Bandow, Doug. “Review of the book Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire by Chalmers Johnson,” The Independent Review, Vol. V, No. 4 (Spring 2001), pp. 611-614.

—. “Review of the book Isolationism Reconfigured by Eric A. Nordlinger,” The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 147-150.

Barnes, Harry Elmer. Shall the United States Become the New Byzantine Empire? Privately printed, 1947.

Barnet, Richard J. Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World. New York: New American Library, 1972.

Blum, William. Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000.

Bock, Alan W. “Critiquing U.S. Foreign Policy.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 5, 2003.

Bresler, Robert J. “The Ideology of the Executive State: The Legacy of Liberal Internationalism,” Politics and Society (Winter 1973).

Bromfield, Louis. A New Pattern for a Tired World. New York: Ayer Company Publishers, 1972.

Carpenter, Ted Galen. A Search for Enemies: America's Alliances after the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1992.

Davis, Lance E. and Robert A. Huttenback. Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: The Economics of British Imperialism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Refuting Marxian claims that free trade leads to imperialism, this important book proves the arguments of classical liberals such as Richard Cobden and John Bright that imperialism is against the interests of the productive sectors of society.

Dennis, Lawrence. The Dynamics of War and Revolution: A Study of the Hidden Economic Origins of Conflict. New York: Harper and Row, 1940. Analysis of the operations of international interests that have promoted war after 1919.

Denson, John V., ed. The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999.

Ekirch, Jr., Arthur A. “The Reform Mentality, War, Peace, and the National State: From the Progressives to Vietnam,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 3 No. 1.

Eland, Ivan. “The Bush Administration’s Weapons of Mass Deception.” Oakland, Calif: The Independent Institute, June 5, 2003.

—. “The Empire Strikes Out: The ‘New Imperialism’ and Its Fatal Flaws,” Policy Analysis No. 459. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, November 26, 2002.

—. “NATO Marching to Lose-Lose Situation,” South China Morning Post, May 29, 1999.

—. “A Not-So-Global War on Terrorism?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, September 24, 2001.

—. “Panama Canal Stirs Cold Warriors’ Fears,” Journal of Commerce, October 19, 1999.

—. “President in Denial on Solution to Catastrophic Terrorism.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. Putting “Defense” Back into U.S. Defense Policy: Rethinking U.S. Security in the Post-Cold War World. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2001.

—. “Reasons for Restraint,” Washington Post, February 26, 1999.

—. “Review of the book The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present and into the 21st Century by Todd Sandler and Keith Hartley,” The Independent Review, Vol. V, No. 2 (Fall 2000), pp. 303-306.

—. “Review of the book World Disorders: Troubled Peace inthe Post-Cold War Era by Stanley Hoffman,” Ideas on Liberty, December 1999.

—. “Robust Response to 9/11 Is Needed but Poking the Hornets’ Nest Is Ill-Advised,” Foreign Policy Briefing No. 69. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 18, 2001.

—. “The Staying Power of Petty Tyrants.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Tilting at Windmills: Post-Cold War Military Threats to U.S. Security,” Policy Analysis No. 332. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, February 8, 2002.

—. “The U.S. Military: Overextended Overseas.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, July 24, 1998.

—. “War on Terrorism Gets Too Excessive,” Charlotte Post, January 31, 2002.

Engelbrecht, H. C. and F. C. Hanighen. Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1937.

Etherington, Norman. Theories of Imperialism: War, Conquest, and Capital. London: Croom Helm, 1984.

Fairgate, Alan. “Non-Marxist Theories of Imperialism,” Reason (February 1976), pp. 45-52.

Foner, Philip S. The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895-1898. New York: Monthly Review, 1972.

Higgs, Robert. “A Strong Defense Against Whom?”, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 6, 1995.

Hobson, John A. Imperialism: A Study. New York: James Pott and Company, 1902. [Online Book]

Johnson, Chalmers. “Responding to Terrorism Without Committing Terrorism,” Los Angeles Times, September 30, 2001.

Kolko, Gabriel. Another Century of War? New York: New Press, 2002.

Korb, Lawrence J. “Review of the book Putting “Defense” Back into U.S. Defense Policy: Rethinking U.S. Security in the Post-Cold War World by Ivan Eland,” The Independent Review, Vol. VII, No. 3 (Winter 2003), pp. 469-470.

Kwitny, Jonathan. Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984.

LaFeber,Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898. Comstock Publishing Association, 1998.

Lieven, Anatol. “A Trap of Their Own Making,” London Review of Books, Vol. 25, No. 9 (May 8, 2003).

Marina, William F. “U.S. Interventions: Aberrations or Empire?”, Reason (February 1976), pp. 40-45.

Martin, James J. “On the ‘Defense’ Origins of the New Imperialism,” Rampart Journal of Individualist Studies, 1971.

Opitz, Edmund A., ed. Leviathan at War. Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, 1995.

Rothbard, Murray N. “The Origins of the Federal Reserve,” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Fall 1999), pp. 3-51.

Rudy, John and Ivan Eland. “Special Operations Military Training Abroad and Its Dangers,” Foreign Policy Briefing No. 53. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, June 22, 1999.

Russell, James. “Review of the book Putting “Defense” Back into U.S. Defense Policy: Rethinking U.S. Security in the Post-Cold War World, by Ivan Eland,” Political Science Quarterly.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. Imperialism, Social Classes: Two Essays. New York: Meridian Books, 1955.

Schwarz, Benjamin and Christopher Layne. “A New Grand Strategy,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 289, No. 1 (January 2002), pp. 36-42.

Sklar, Holly. Reagan, Trilateralism, and the Neoliberals: Containment and Intervention in the 1980s. Boston: South End Press, 1986.

Spencer, Herbert. The Man versus The State, with Six Essays on Government, Society, and Freedom. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1992.

Stromberg, Joseph R. “American Monopoly Statism and the Rise of Empire,” Center for Libertarian Studies, 1977.

—. “The Political Economy of Liberal Corporatism,” The Individualist (May 1972), pp. 2-11.

—. “The Role of State Monopoly Capitalism in the American Empire,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3.

Tompkins, E. Berkeley. Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890-1920. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.

Vidal, Gore. Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002.

—. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002.

von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik. Leftism Revisited: From de Sade and Marx to Hitler and Pol Pot. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990.

Weaver, Mary Anne. “Blowback,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1996.

Weinberg, Albert K. Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansion in American History. Gloucester, Mass: P. Smith, 1958.

Williams, William Appleman. Empire as a Way of Life: An Essay on the Causes and Character of America's Present Predicament Along With a Few Thoughts About an Alternative. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

—. The Shaping of American Diplomacy. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970.

Winslow, E.M. “Marxian, Liberal, and Sociological Theories of Imperialism,” Journal of Political Economy, 39, 6 (December 1931), pp. 713-758.

Winslow, E.M. The Pattern of Empire. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.